.Differenciate between Parliamentary and Democratic types of governments?
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Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
BASIS FOR COMPARISON PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT PRESIDENTIAL FORM OF GORVERNMENT
Meaning In Parliamentay system the legislative and executive body of government are closely related, while the judiciary is independent of the other two bodies of government. In Presidential system, the legislative, executive and judiciary body of the government are independent of each other.
Executive Dual executive Single executive
Accountability The executive is accountable to the legislature. The executive is not accountable to the legislature.
Powers Concentrated Divided
Ministers Only the members of Parliament can be appointed as minster. Persons outside the legislature are appointed as ministers.
Dissolution of lower house Prime Minister can dissolve the lower house before the expiry of its term. President cannot dissolve lower house.
Tenure of Executive Not fixed Fixed
Definition of Parliamentary form of Government
Parliamentary form of government represents a system of democratic governance of a country, wherein the executive branch is derived from the legislative body, i.e. the Parliament. Here, the executive is divided into two parts, the Head of the State, i.e. President, who is only the nominal executive and the Head of the Government, i.e. Prime Minister, who is the real executive.
As per this system, the political party getting the maximum number of seats during federal elections, in the Parliament, forms the government. The party elects a member, as a leader, who is appointed as the Prime Minister by the President. After the appointment of the Prime Minister, the Cabinet is formed by him, whose members should be out of the Parliament. The executive body, i.e. the Cabinet is accountable to the legislative body, i.e. Parliament
This system is prevalent in the countries like India, Japan and Canada.
Definition of Presidential form of Government
When a country follows the Presidential form of Government, it denotes that there is only one person as the head of the state and government, i.e. the President. The election of the President is made directly by the citizens of the country or sometimes by the members of the electoral college for a fixed period.
The President elects some ministers as the Secretary and forms a small Cabinet, who assist in governing the country. Neither the President nor the Secretaries are accountable to the Congress (Parliament) for their acts. Indeed, they do not attend the sessions as well.
This form of government can be found in the countries like United States of America, Russia, Brazil and Srilanka.
Key Differences Between Parliamentary and Presidential form of Government
The points presented below are important so far as the differences between parliamentary and presidential form of government is concerned:
The Parliamentary system of government is one in which there exists a harmonious relationship between the legislative and executive body, while the judiciary body works independently. As against this, in Presidential form of government, the three organs of the government work independently of each other.
In Parliamentary form of government, the executive is divided into two parts, i.e. the Head of the State (President) and the Head of the Government (Prime Minister). On the contrary, the President is the chief executive of the Presidential form of Government.
In the Parliamentary form of government, the executive body, i.e. the Council of Ministers is accountable to the Parliament for its acts. Conversely, in the Presidential form of Government, there is no such accountability, i.e. the executive body is not accountable to the Parliament for its acts.
Fusion of powers exists in the Parliamentary system, whereas the powers are separated in Presidential system.
In Parliamentary form, only those persons are appointed as ministers in the executive body who are the members of Parliament. Unlike, in Presidential form, persons other than those working in the legislature can be appointed as secretaries.
In Parliamentary government, the Prime Minister has the power to dissolve the lower house before the completion of its term. As opposed, the President cannot dissolve the lower house, in Presidential government.
The tenure of the executive is not fixed in Parliamentary government, as in, if a no-confidence motion is passed in the Parliament, the Council of Ministers is dismissed. Contrary to this, the executive has a fixed term in the Presidential government.
Conclusion
The members of the cabinet possess double membership, i.e. of legislative and executive organ of government. Contrary to this, in the presidential form of government, the members of the cabinet possesses the membership of executive organ only.
When it comes to dominance, in the Parliamentary System, the President is only the titorial head, while the real powers lie in the hands of the Prime Minister. On the contrary, in the Presidential System, the President has got the supreme power.
In a presidential system, the head of the government leads an executive, that is distinct from the legislature. Here, the head of the government and the head of the state are one and the same. Also, a key feature is that the executive is not responsible to the legislature. Features of the Presidential System The executive (president) can veto acts by the legislature. The president has a fixed tenure and cannot be removed by a vote of no-confidence in the legislature. Generally, the president has the power to pardon or commute judicial sentences awarded to criminals. The president is elected directly by the people or by an electoral college. Merits of Presidential System The advantages of the presidential system are given below: Separation of powers: Efficiency of administration is greatly enhanced since the three arms of the government are independent of each other. Expert government: Since the executive need not be legislators, the President can choose experts in various fields to head relevant departments or ministries. This will make sure that people who are capable and knowledgeable form part of the government. Stability: This type of government is stable. Since the term of the president is fixed and not subject to majority support in the legislative, he need not worry about losing the government. There is no danger of a sudden fall of the government. There is no political pressure on the president to make decisions. Less influence of the party system: Political parties do not attempt to dislodge the government since the tenure is fixed. Demerits of Presidential System The disadvantages of the presidential system are given below: Less responsible executive: Since the legislature has no hold over the executive and the president, the head of the government can turn authoritarian. Deadlocks between executive and legislature: Since there is a more strict separation of powers here, there can be frequent tussles between both arms of the government, especially of the legislature is not dominated by the president’s political party. This can lead to an erosion in efficiency because of wastage of time. Rigid government: Presidential systems are often accused of being rigid. It lacks flexibility. Spoils system: The system gives the president sweeping powers of patronage. Here, he can choose executives as per his will. This gives rise to the spoils system where people close to the president (relatives, business associates, etc.) get roles in the government.