differenciate
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The origins of modern global trade are founded in sugar. First encountered by the Europeans in the 15th century, sugar later became a staple good as the Age of Discovery and foreign dominance opened up trading routes and paved the way for the shipment of sugar back to the homeland. Indeed, colonial settlement and expansion often began with the seizure of lands for the purpose of producing sugar; cane plantations and the processing of sugar generated much wealth for Europeans (Mahler, 1981; Parker, 2012). The sweetness of sugar, however, belies a bitter history of a commodity harvested by slaves as Africans sold to white traders replaced Europeans in the plantations. Triangular trade – involving the exchange of goods for slaves between Europe and West Africa and the sale of slaves to transatlantic plantation owners in return for sugar (and, to a lesser extent, other plantation products such as coffee and tobacco) – helped drive the first wave of economic globalisation (Harms, 2003). During the 18th century, sugarcane grown in the Caribbean and harvested by African slaves provided Britain with most of its sugar needs. Nevertheless, a 20-year campaign to abolish slavery succeeded when a bill before Parliament was passed in 1807.1
The origins of modern global trade are founded in sugar. First encountered by the Europeans in the 15th century, sugar later became a staple good as the Age of Discovery and foreign dominance opened up trading routes and paved the way for the shipment of sugar back to the homeland. Indeed, colonial settlement and expansion often began with the seizure of lands for the purpose of producing sugar; cane plantations and the processing of sugar generated much wealth for Europeans (Mahler, 1981; Parker, 2012). The sweetness of sugar, however, belies a bitter history of a commodity harvested by slaves as Africans sold to white traders replaced Europeans in the plantations. Triangular trade – involving the exchange of goods for slaves between Europe and West Africa and the sale of slaves to transatlantic plantation owners in return for sugar (and, to a lesser extent, other plantation products such as coffee and tobacco) – helped drive the first wave of economic globalisation (Harms, 2003). During the 18th century, sugarcane grown in the Caribbean and harvested by African slaves provided Britain with most of its sugar needs. Nevertheless, a 20-year campaign to abolish slavery succeeded when a bill before Parliament was passed in 1807.1Perhaps more than any other commodity, past colonialism has shaped current policies and patterns relating to sugar trade. The emergence of the sugar beet industry in Europe during the 19th century was encouraged by rebellion in the colonies and the disruption of sugar supplies (Mitchell, 2004). Unable to compete with lower cost sugar produced from cane in tropical countries, many northern hemisphere countries subsidised the production of beet – a policy later adopted by the European Union (EU) as part of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). During the 20th century, the production of sugarcane grown in tropical climates recovered. Since the 1960s, a plethora of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) have granted non-reciprocal, preferential treatment to many former colonies. Currently, sugarcane cultivated in the southern hemisphere accounts for about three quarters of all sugar produced, while the rest comes mainly from sugar beet grown in the more temperate climates of the northern hemisphere. This is not surprising, as sugarcane production enjoys a cost advantage of roughly half the average cost of sugar beet production (Mitchell, 2004).
The design was adopted in 1914 as the emblem of the Berlin Committee (later known as the Indian Independence Committee). The original "Flag of Indian Independence" raised by Cama in Stuttgart is now on display at the Maratha and Kesari Library in Pune.
The design was adopted in 1914 as the emblem of the Berlin Committee (later known as the Indian Independence Committee). The original "Flag of Indian Independence" raised by Cama in Stuttgart is now on display at the Maratha and Kesari Library in Pune....
The design was adopted in 1914 as the emblem of the Berlin Committee (later known as the Indian Independence Committee). The original "Flag of Indian Independence" raised by Cama in Stuttgart is now on display at the Maratha and Kesari Library in Pune....Bhikaiji Cama.
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