Different aspects of non cooperation movement
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Negative Aspects:
1. Surrender of Government titles and honours.
2. Congressmen not to attend Government durbars, official functions etc.
3. Triple boycott of (a) Legislatures-Central and provincial (b) Government Courts (c) Government educational institutions.
4. Boycott of foreign goods.
Constructive Aspect:
(a) Use of Swadeshi goods.
(b) Hand spinning and hand wearing.
(c) Removal of social evils like casteism and untouchability.
(d) Tolerance.
(e) Hindu-Muslim unity
(f) Collection of money for Tilak Swaraj fund.
(g) Setting up national educational institutions.
(h) The charge of Dufferin that the Congress represented the microscopic minority could never again be levied.
Positive aspects of Non-Cooperation Movement:
1. Gandhi returned his title Kaiser-i-Hind.
2. Congressmen boycotted election.
3. Boycott of Government courts.
4. C. R. Das and Motilal left their lucrative practice.
5. Students boycotted schools and colleges, law courts.
6. Bonfire of foreign goods.
7. Congress Ashrams were opened.
8. Prince of Wales visit boycotted.
9. Picketing of shops selling foreign cloth. Value of imports of foreign cloth fell from 102 crore (1920-21) to 57 crore (1921-22). Khadi became popular.
1. Surrender of Government titles and honours.
2. Congressmen not to attend Government durbars, official functions etc.
3. Triple boycott of (a) Legislatures-Central and provincial (b) Government Courts (c) Government educational institutions.
4. Boycott of foreign goods.
Constructive Aspect:
(a) Use of Swadeshi goods.
(b) Hand spinning and hand wearing.
(c) Removal of social evils like casteism and untouchability.
(d) Tolerance.
(e) Hindu-Muslim unity
(f) Collection of money for Tilak Swaraj fund.
(g) Setting up national educational institutions.
(h) The charge of Dufferin that the Congress represented the microscopic minority could never again be levied.
Positive aspects of Non-Cooperation Movement:
1. Gandhi returned his title Kaiser-i-Hind.
2. Congressmen boycotted election.
3. Boycott of Government courts.
4. C. R. Das and Motilal left their lucrative practice.
5. Students boycotted schools and colleges, law courts.
6. Bonfire of foreign goods.
7. Congress Ashrams were opened.
8. Prince of Wales visit boycotted.
9. Picketing of shops selling foreign cloth. Value of imports of foreign cloth fell from 102 crore (1920-21) to 57 crore (1921-22). Khadi became popular.
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3. Economic distress caused by the World War I: The War brought about great economic distress to the Indians. At the end of the war, the economic condition took a turn of the worse. Prices shot up. Price of cloths, sugar etc., began to soar. Foreign goods began to be imported.Both the peasants and the workers suffered due to the impact of war. The price of agricultural products did not increase. The workers being unemployed had to live in half starvation.According to Louis Fischer, not only political leaders, but also the soldiers and even the peasants claimed compensations for shedding Indian blood.4. Montague-Chelmsford Act: The Mont-Ford Act of 1919 could not satisfy the Congress. The actual scheme of reforms fell far short of nationalists’ demands.Impact of the Rowlatt Act: The passing of the Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh tragedy gave a new turn to Indian politics. Gandhiji became firm in the policy of non-cooperation. The Rowlatt Act tried to put restriction upon the liberty of speech and Press, and this was taken to be a signal for still greater repressive measures from the British government. The whole of the nation rose in indignation against the government, and like a wild fire there was a wave of an agitation all over the country.5. The Khilafat movement: The Khilafat leaders were told that they should not expect anything more. So, the Khilafat Committee accepted the suggestion of non-cooperation and asked Gandhi to lead the movement.Thus it was apparent that the Congress had to work out something soon, for it was clear that the people were becoming impatient for action. So, the all India congress Committee met to decide on its course of action. The Nagpur session of the congress confirmed the resolution of starting non-cooperation movement. Gandhiji assured the nation that the Swaraj would be achieved within a year.
Result and Importance
Since swaraj was not achieved within a year as Gandhiji had assured, the movement was apparently a failure.However, the significance and importance of Non-Cooperation movement cannot be denied.The non-cooperation movement led by Gandhiji was such a mass movement which had never been seen before and after the Great Rebellion of 1857. India for the first time saw a leader who had ability to fight face to face. According to Marjorie Sykes, Gandhiji had ‘the gift of fight’.Importance and immediate good results: Indian mill-owners earned a good profit due to the programme of boycott. The import of sugar from England decreased considerably. The import of British cotton-goods decreased from Rs. 6.7 crores to Rs. 2.8 crores within a period of six months. Likewise, the import of iron decreased to 50%.Political importance: Popularity of the Congress and the movement increased among the masses. The non-cooperation movement certainly demonstrated that the Indian National Congress commanded the support and sympathy of vast sections of the Indian people. The spread of the movement was also nation-wide. It may be true that some areas were more active than others, but there were few that showed no sign of activity at all.Participation of Muslims: Participation of the Muslims in the movement and the maintenance of communal harmony was also a great achievement. Muslim participation gave the movement a mass character.Success in several cases: According to R.C. Majumdar, the non-cooperation movement was an acid test for the people. The movement was a success in several cases:People became conscious of their political right.People lost their trust in British administration.They became confident of self-reliance.The government failed to create fear in their mind.
Result and Importance
Since swaraj was not achieved within a year as Gandhiji had assured, the movement was apparently a failure.However, the significance and importance of Non-Cooperation movement cannot be denied.The non-cooperation movement led by Gandhiji was such a mass movement which had never been seen before and after the Great Rebellion of 1857. India for the first time saw a leader who had ability to fight face to face. According to Marjorie Sykes, Gandhiji had ‘the gift of fight’.Importance and immediate good results: Indian mill-owners earned a good profit due to the programme of boycott. The import of sugar from England decreased considerably. The import of British cotton-goods decreased from Rs. 6.7 crores to Rs. 2.8 crores within a period of six months. Likewise, the import of iron decreased to 50%.Political importance: Popularity of the Congress and the movement increased among the masses. The non-cooperation movement certainly demonstrated that the Indian National Congress commanded the support and sympathy of vast sections of the Indian people. The spread of the movement was also nation-wide. It may be true that some areas were more active than others, but there were few that showed no sign of activity at all.Participation of Muslims: Participation of the Muslims in the movement and the maintenance of communal harmony was also a great achievement. Muslim participation gave the movement a mass character.Success in several cases: According to R.C. Majumdar, the non-cooperation movement was an acid test for the people. The movement was a success in several cases:People became conscious of their political right.People lost their trust in British administration.They became confident of self-reliance.The government failed to create fear in their mind.
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