Question

different between instrumental and respondent learning​

Answer 1

Answer:

Explanation:

instrumental conditioning is another term for operant conditioning, a learning process first described by B. F. Skinner. In instrumental conditioning, reinforcement or punishment are used to either increase or decrease the probability that a behavior will occur again in the future.

Examples of Operant Conditioning

For example, if a student is rewarded with praise every time she raises her hand in class, she becomes more likely to raise her hand again in the future.

If she is also scolded when she speaks out of turn, she becomes less likely to interrupt the class. In these examples, the teacher is using reinforcement to strengthen the hand-raising behavior and punishment to weaken the talking out of turn behavior.

Instrumental conditioning is often used in animal training as well. For example, training a dog to shake hands would involve offering a reward every time the desired behavior occurs.

History of Operant Conditioning

Psychologist E.L. Thorndike was one of the first to observe the impact of reinforcement in puzzle box experiments with cats. During these experiments, Thorndike observed a learning process that he referred to as “trial-and-error” learning.

The experiments involved placing a hungry cat in a puzzle box and in order to free itself, the cat had to figure out how to escape. Thorndike then noted how long it took the cats to free themselves on each experimental trial. Initially, the cats engaged in ineffective escape methods, scratching and digging at the sides or top of the box. Eventually, trial-and-error would lead the cats to successfully push or pull the escape route. After each successive trial, the cats engaged less and less in the ineffective escape behaviors and more quickly responded with the correct escape actions.

Thorndike referred to his observations as the Law of Effect. The strength of a response increases when it is immediately followed by a "satisfier" (reinforcer). On the other hand, actions that are followed by unpleasant effects are more likely to be weakened.