different factors responsible for damage of crops. Mention effect of these?
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Crop damage from pathogens and pests is a worldwide problem. Agriculture crop productivity has been severely affected by various pests. The excessive use of chemicals in agriculture has led to a multitude of effects, including increased residues in plants, insect resistance, and contamination of soil, water, and air.
Excessive rainfall caused crop damage all over India. Significantly, the farmers in South Gujarat are in severe distress after incessant rain flooded their farmlands. According to Jayesh Patel, president of the Gujarat Khedut Samaj, the farmers may incur total losses of 100 crore rupees.
Soil and water management for crop production has a strong impact, both negative and positive, on the drivers of climate change. A large number of crop production practices contribute to emissions of greenhouse gas, and in particular to carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide.
There are four primary factors that affect plant growth: light, water, temperature and nutrients. These four elements affect the plant's growth hormones, making the plant grow more quickly or more slowly.
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Answer:
Crop damage from pathogens and pests is a worldwide problem. Agriculture crop productivity has been severely affected by various pests. The excessive use of chemicals in agriculture has led to a multitude of effects, including increased residues in plants, insect resistance, and contamination of soil, water, and air. Disturbances in the food chain due to the accumulation of pesticide residues have a significant impact on ecology. Biological-based pesticides, or biopesticides, have been adopted in agriculture as an alternative solution to chemical pesticides. Nanoparticle synthesis from biological material has enabled several applications in agriculture. The development of nanobiopesticides from various sources such as plants, microbes, and their derivatives is an ecofriendly approach and provides the advantages of slower release, prevention of degradation, longer activity, and biodegradability. Understanding the mechanism of action of nanoformulations on pests provides valuable guidance in optimizing their use for biocontrol. Studies on the routes of accumulation of nanobiopesticides in the biological system, particle characteristics, interaction with biomolecules, biotransformation, and release into the environment provide an insight into their direct and indirect effects. This chapter reviews the effects of nanobiopesticides on pests and the environment. Assessing the risk of nanobiopesticides is imperative due to their high reactivity in biological systems. Traditional risk assessment techniques may not be adequate to study nanobiopesticide effects. The need to develop protocols and models for nanoecological toxicity assessment is imperative to determine the effects on organisms and the environment.
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