Question

different types of plays as elucidated in the natyashastra? 200 words
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Answer 1

Answer:

Biological diversity is the “infrastructure” that supports life on our planet: the air we breathe, the food we eat and the water we drink are only possible as long as we have healthy biodiversity – rich species and ecosystem diversity. Yet, this essential human lifeline is severely threatened.

The latest data shows that we are on the brink of crossing ecological boundaries and reaching tipping points in climate and ecosystems that might lead to an acceleration of planetary destabilization. The World Economic Forum’s 2018 Global Risk Report lists ecological collapse and biodiversity loss among the top 10 risks in terms of impact.

Image: Global Risks Report 2018

For centuries, we have misused our natural infrastructure, modifying 40% of the Earth’s surface with catastrophic effects. Even though we represent just 0.01% of all life on the planet, our impact on our ecosystems has caused the loss of half of the world’s plants and 83% of all wild mammals. When we lose species through extinction, the web of life is destroyed. This, in turn, affects the resilience of the ecosystems and nature’s capacity to provide the services that humans need, and the serene, recharging moments we enjoy in nature.

The need for urgent action to protect biodiversity – to shift to new, sustainable ways of production and consumption and reorient economic development pathways towards an “economy within ecological boundaries” - has been gaining global recognition. At the same time, technological advancements are evolving at incredible speed and scale. Can then the Fourth Industrial Revolution help mitigate and reverse the Anthropocene’s effects?

Yes. And no.

Yes

Value is not intrinsic but contextual: it is the functionality and intentionality that we attach to things what ultimately shapes their value. While a development-fueled quest for increasing standards of living, by an ever-growing human population, has been driving biodiversity loss, we could shift this quest to also serve as a source of mitigation – provided we harness the technological innovations that drive economic development to avert biodiversity destruction.

Technologies driving the Fourth Industrial Revolution include tools such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, advancements in quantum computing, encoding data into DNA, virtual reality, biotechnology, and new materials. When it comes to biodiversity, there are areas – such as land use, including for food production, conservation, restoration, as well as governance,

Answer 2

The Natyasastra is a Sanskrit text about the performing arts. The first full collection was between 200 and 200 BCE. The text is credited to Sage Bharata Muni. The text consists of 36 chapters in a total of six thousand poetic verses depicting performing arts. The topics discussed in the treatise include dramatic composition, the design of a stage and its structure, acting styles, body movements, the composition and costumes and the function and objectives of an art director, musical scales, musical techniques and the incorporation of music and performance into art.

Explanation:

There are ten kinds of play. They were For defining them the plays are to be known as Nataka, Prakaraṇa, Anka,  Vyayoga, Bhaṇa, Samavakara, Vithi, Prahasana, Ḍima, and Ihamgra

1. Nataka:The Play that has an significant background for its subject and its Hero, a person of high character which  explains the plot, the character of  the hero, his divine protection and his various super- human forces, the achievements, and the love pastimes, and that has an sufficient number of acts and introductory Scenes is called a Nāṭaka
2. Prakarana:  The play wherein the writer devises by his own intellect an original/novel plot with its Hero, and works up its elaboration
3. Anka: The plot in it is well known but often it is special and must be furnished with other male characters other than those who are divine
4. Samavakara: It should have the Asuras and gods as its subject matter and one of them as its exalted and prominent  Hero, and it is comprises 3 Acts - the 3 kinds of excitement, 3 kinds of love, and 3 kinds of deception.
5. Vyayoga: It should be based by experts on one well-known Hero, with a limited number of female characters and only one day in length.
6. Bhana: A single character may be acted upon and it has two types: the recounting of one's own emotions and the explanation of another's acts.
7. Vithi: It must have a single act and two or one person can act. And comprise the characters of the superior, the middling or lower category and the feelings can be included, usually of  13 types
8. Prahasana:  It must be known to be of two kinds: pure (comprises comic disputations by Saiva gurus  Bhikhsus, ascetics, Srotriya Brahmins, and others and abounds in jocular remarks by persons of low caste/class) and mixed (in which  servants, courtezans, Viṭas, eunuchs, Dhūrtas and unchaste women appear with their immodest dress, appearance and movements).
9. Dhima: It must be steupt with a renowned plot and its Hero must be renowned and exalted. This shall contain the six emotions and just four acts
10. Ihamrga: It has divine men as its dramatists, engaged in conflicts with divine women. It should be established with an orderly plot and must be convincing