differentiate between crystalline and amorphous solids
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Answer:
Crystals have an orderly arrangement of their constituent particles. In comparison, amorphous solids have no such arrangement. ... Crystals are also known as True Solids, whereas another name for Amorphous Solids is Super-Cooled Liquids.
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Answer:
What is Crystalline?
A crystalline solid is that in which the constituent particles are orderly arranged in a three-dimensional pattern called the crystal lattice with uniform intermolecular forces, and the particles intersect at angles characteristic of the crystal.
The internal structure has a distinct geometric shape, and it shows a clear cleavage when cut anywhere in the structure. The three dimensional pattern seen using the X-rays is used to identify the solid. It is not, however, easy to detect the difference between crystalline and non-crystalline solids by touching them. They differ from each other in many aspects including chemical and physical properties.
Crystalline solids (crystals) need extreme temperatures to break the intermolecular forces. They have a definite heat of fusion and melting points because of the uniform arrangement of their components. The local environment is also uniform. However, when cut in any direction, the physical properties are different thus known as anisotropic. When rotated around the axis, the structure of crystals remains the same and that is termed as symmetrical arrangement of molecules, atoms or ions.
Some crystalline solids can end up being amorphous depending on the cooling process. Others may have their components misaligned due to the presence of impurities. Also, cooling substances rapidly may lead to an amorphous structure with irregular geometrical shapes. Quartz, for instance, is crystalline with Silicone and Oxygen atoms in an orderly manner. But, when cooled rapidly, it can lead to the amorphous structure glass. It happens normally that the crystallization process is avoided by melting substances rapidly to produce amorphous solids because of their extensive industrial applications. Rubber, polymer and glass are among the perfect examples of important amorphous solids largely used for their immense benefits and unique isotropic properties.
The refractive index, mechanical strength, thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity of crystalline solids differ in different directions. That is the downside of these types of solids compared to non-crystalline solids. The good side of an anisotropic solid is that it denotes a perfectly arranged internal structure with uniform forces of attractions in a crystal lattice. It depicts the true properties of a solid with long range order and a rigid structure.
What is amorphous?
The word amorphous is derived from the Greek word amorphous which means “shapeless”. This is the shapeless, disordered, and irregular arrangement of the constituent particles of a solid. Their inter-molecular forces are not the same, nor are the distances between the particles. When cleaved, amorphous solids yield fragments or curved surfaces because of irregular geometric shapes.
Some amorphous solids can have parts of orderly arranged patterns which are called crystallites. The atoms, ions or molecules of the solid depend on the cooling process. As aforementioned, quartz crystal differs with quartz glass because of the process of crystallization. But, generally, many amorphous solids have a disordered pattern. They are usually called the super-cooled solids because the structure shares some properties with liquids. Also, they do not show the true properties of solids, but are nonetheless predominantly used in numerous applications.
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