Question

Differentiate between ions and radicals​

Answer 1

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Answer 2

*Question:

Differentiate between ions and radicals.

*Answer:

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Radicals and ions are reactive species. Both are produced from a neutral atom or a molecule that is more stable than an ion or a radical.

Before we continue with our difference between both, we should have a brief description about ions and radicals.

IONS:

▪︎ Ions are charged species with a positive or a negative charge. Positively charged ions are known as cations and negatively charged ions are known as anions.

▪︎ In an ion there is a different number of electrons than the protons. Ions can have -1 or +1 charges, which we call as monovalent.

▪︎ Since cations and anions have opposite charges, they are attracted to each other with electrostatic forces, forming ionic bonds.

▪︎ Cations are usually formed by metal atoms, and the anions are formed by nonmetal atoms.

RADICAL:

▪︎ Radical is a species (atom, molecule) with an unpaired electron. In other words, they have an open shell configuration, and because of this, radicals are highly unstable, which leads to a high reactivity.

▪︎ They are short lived.

▪︎ When radicals collide with another species, they tend to react in a way that leads to pairing of their unpaired electron.

▪︎ Another way a radical can react is by combining with a compound containing a multiple bond to produce a new larger radical.

▪︎ When a covalent bond is homolysed (the two electrons participating to make the bond are divided equally to the two atoms so that one atom gets only one electron), radicals are formed. Energy must be supplied to cause homolysis of covalent bonds. This is done in two ways, by heating or by irradiating with light.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AN ION AND A RADICALS.

• Ion is a species which has obtained an extra electron or donated an electron out. Radical is a species with an unpaired electron.

• Ions have a charge( either positive or negative) whereas Free Radicals are usually neutral.

• Ions have completed their valance shell though chemical[covalent] bonding( either though the octet or duplet rule) while the valance shell of free radicals is incomplete.

• Ions have an even number of electrons whereas free radicals have an odd number of electrons.

• Ions are represented with a "-" or "+" in the superscript while free radicals have a dot(.) above them for the unpaired electron.

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