differentiate between old and modern navigational tools used for sea voyage
Answers
Early Navigational Techniques
In ancient times, mariners navigated by the guidance of the sun and stars and landmarks along the coast. The Phoenicians were among the most daring of the ancient navigators. They built large ships and, traveling out of sight of land by day and by night, probably circumnavigated Africa. The Vikings and Norsemen, who crossed the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and Newfoundland, are reputed to have used a sunstone
to aid their voyages. The Pacific islanders navigated from island to island across the open ocean using observations of guide stars and the moon, the winds, waves, and currents, and birds, knowledge of which was passed from generation to generation; the Polynesians especially traversed enormous stretches of the Pacific. In England, Queen Elizabeth I did much to establish navigation laws, giving additional powers to Trinity House, a guild that had been created in 1514 for the piloting of ships and the regulation of British navigation. During this period the study of bodies of water, or hydrography, was given much attention, and harbors and the outlets of rivers were surveyed and buoyed. A tremendous advance in navigation had taken place with the introduction of the compass . Early in the 15th cent. there was progress by the Portuguese under the leadership of Prince Henry the Navigator , who built an observatory and formulated tables of the declinations of the sun; collected a great amount of nautical information, which he placed in practical form; made charts; and sponsored expeditions that led to numerous discoveries.
Modern Navigational Tools
The next great revolution in navigation occurred in the 20th cent., when radio signals came into wide use. The development of radar
, loran
, and radio direction finding during World War II caused fundamental changes in navigational practice; a mariner or pilot today can turn on a Loran or Global Positioning System receiver and determine position and course to within a few yards. Inertial guidance systems, most often used to navigate submarines, aircraft, and spacecraft, allow navigation without contact with a ground base. In such systems, a computer navigates the vehicle with the aid of an inertial navigator device, which consists of a gyroscope to indicate direction and an accelerometer to measure changes in speed and direction. Inertial guidance systems and terrain-following radar allow a cruise missile to fly a thousand miles and hit its designated target. The development of navigation satellites beginning in the 1960s led in the 1990s to the U.S.'s Global Positioning System (GPS), which provides location and other information through the reception and interpretation of signals received from satellites; Russia and China have since created similar navigation systems. GPS receivers, which are now incorporated into smartphones and other devices, have made it possible to create navigation systems for vehicles and other forms of transportation.
Answer:
All the main differences b/w old and modern navigational tools used for sea voyage has been provided .
Explanation:
Ancient navigational devices include the following :
Compass: In ancient times, the compass was one of the most crucial navigating aids. It was used to ascertain the ship's course and final destination. It was made up of a magnetised needle that was set to always point in the direction of magnetic North. Sextant: A sextant is a device that calculates the angle between two points, usually the horizon and the sun. This was one of the most crucial navigational equipment and was used to find the latitude and longitude of the ship. Chronometer: For accurate time measurement, which is essential for navigation, a chronometer was utilised. It was a crucial instrument for lengthy sea trips and was used to calculate the ship's longitude. Although the use of the term has not always been tightly regulated, comparable organisations outside of Switzerland, such as the Japan Chronometer Inspection Institute, have in the past certified watches to comparable criteria.
Current navigational aids:
GPS (Global Positioning System): A navigation system based on satellites, GPS delivers precise location and time data. It has transformed contemporary navigation and made it possible to precisely estimate the location and speed of the ship. Although the GPS system was developed, is under the control of, and is maintained by the United States government, anyone with a GPS receiver can freely access it. An electronic technology called radar is used to find and find objects, such as other ships, land, and navigational dangers. It can identify objects that are out of sight and provide precise distance information speed and heading. Information is sent and received between ships and shore-based stations via the AIS system. In order to prevent collisions and increase navigational safety, it transmits details on the ship's name, position, course, and speed.
Over the last five hundred years, dramatic advances in navigational science and technology have altered the navigator’s work and methods. Most recently and most significantly following the introduction of Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS). That said, the navigator’s basic task remains constant: to monitor where the ship has been and where it is now, and to plan where it will go next on its voyage.
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