differnece between mahalwari, permanent settlement & munro system
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The three systems are for management of Indian lands and revenue collections. They were introduced by the East India company.
Mahalwari system, introduced by William Bentick, included the traditional zamindari system (system for the rich landowners) as well as Ryotwari system (system for the farmers). Provinces are divided into Mahal (Mandals) grouping many villages in each. Lands were owned by residents of villages. A committee collected the taxes for the lands and passed to higher ups.
In Munro system, introduced by Thomas Munro, the farmers cultivating the lands were given the ownership of the lands. Taxes were collected directly from the farmers. Tax collections increased this way.
The objective of the Permanent System of management of lands was to increase tax revenues. Rajas, Maharajas, Tahsildars collected fixed taxes and rents (like given for leases). They passed it onto the East India company. This system was to encourage investments by the zamindars in lands. That was expected to increase production.
This system also endangered the Zamindars, as if they failed pay the amounts, they were stripped off their zamindari. That forced Zamindars to put in more efforts. That also created problems between zamindars, farmers and villagers. Some zamindars also turned their feelings against the East India company for this reason.
Mahalwari system, introduced by William Bentick, included the traditional zamindari system (system for the rich landowners) as well as Ryotwari system (system for the farmers). Provinces are divided into Mahal (Mandals) grouping many villages in each. Lands were owned by residents of villages. A committee collected the taxes for the lands and passed to higher ups.
In Munro system, introduced by Thomas Munro, the farmers cultivating the lands were given the ownership of the lands. Taxes were collected directly from the farmers. Tax collections increased this way.
The objective of the Permanent System of management of lands was to increase tax revenues. Rajas, Maharajas, Tahsildars collected fixed taxes and rents (like given for leases). They passed it onto the East India company. This system was to encourage investments by the zamindars in lands. That was expected to increase production.
This system also endangered the Zamindars, as if they failed pay the amounts, they were stripped off their zamindari. That forced Zamindars to put in more efforts. That also created problems between zamindars, farmers and villagers. Some zamindars also turned their feelings against the East India company for this reason.
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