difine the following terms like consulate, the reign of terror,Director,Jacobin clubs
Answers
Answer:
The Society of the Friends of the Constitution (French: Société des amis de la Constitution), renamed the Society of the Jacobins, Friends of Freedom and Equality (Société des Jacobins, amis de la liberté et de ) after 1792 and commonly known as the Jacobin Club (Club des Jacobins) or simply the Jacobins (n/; French, was the most influential political club during the French Revolution of 1789. The period of its political ascendancy includes the Reign of Terror, during which time well over ten thousand people were put on trial and executed in France, many for political crimes.
Jacobin Club
French: Club des Jacobins
JacobinVignette03.jpg
Seal of the Jacobin Club (1792–1794)
Motto
"Live free or die"
(French: Vivre libre ou mourir)
Successor
Panthéon Club
Formation
1789
Founder
Maximilien Robespierre[1]
Founded at
Versailles, France
Dissolved
12 November 1794
Type
Parliamentary group
Legal status
Inactive
Purpose
Establishment of a Jacobin society
1789–1791: abolition of the Ancien Régime, creation of a parliament, introduction of a Constitution and separation of powers
1791–1795: establishment of a republic, fusion of powers into the National Convention and establishment of an authoritarian-democratic state
Headquarters
Dominican convent, Rue Saint-Honoré, Paris
Region
France
Methods
From democratic initiatives to public violence
Membership (1793)
Around 500,000[2]
Official language
French
President
Antoine Barnave (first)
Maximilien Robespierre (last)
Key people
Brissot, Robespierre, Duport, Marat, Desmoulins, Mirabeau, Danton, Billaud-Varenne, Barras, Collot d'Herbois, Saint-Just
Subsidiaries
Newspapers
L'Ami du peuple
Le Vieux Cordelier
Affiliations
All groups in the National Convention
Montagnards
Girondins
Maraisards
Initially founded in 1789 by anti-royalist deputies from Brittany, the club grew into a nationwide republican movement, with a membership estimated at a half million or more.[2] The Jacobin Club was heterogeneous and included both prominent parliamentary factions of the early 1790s, The Mountain and the Girondins. In 1792–1793, the Girondins were more prominent in leading France, the period when France declared war on Austria and on Prussia, overthrew the monarchy and set up the French First Republic. In May 1793 the leaders of the Mountain faction led by Maximilien Robespierre succeeded in sidelining the Girondin faction and controlled the government until July 1794. Their time in government featured high levels of political violence, and for this reason the period of the Jacobin/Mountain government is identified as the Reign of Terror. In October 1793, 21 prominent Girondins were guillotined. The Mountain-dominated government executed 17,000 opponents nationwide, as a way to suppress the Vendée insurrection and the Federalist revolts and to deter recurrences. In July 1794 the National Convention pushed the administration of Robespierre and his allies out of power and had Robespierre and 21 associates executed. In November 1794 the Jacobin Club closed.
In the British Empire the political term Jacobin reached obsolescence and supersedence before the Russian Revolution, when the terms (Radical) Marxism, Socialism and Communism had overtaken it. There the term Jacobin linked primarily to The Mountain of the French Revolutionary governments and was popular among the established and entrepeneurial classes. It faintly echoed negative connotations of Jacobitism, the pro-Catholic, monarchist, rarely insurrectional political movement that faded out decades earlier tied to deposed King James II and VII and his descendants. It pejoratively or harshly derided radical left-wing revolutionary politics, especially when it exhibits dogmatism and violent repression.[3]
In France, Jacobin now generally leans towards moderate authoritarianism, more equal formal rights and centralization.[4] It can, similarly, denote supporters of extensive government intervention to transform society.[5] It is unabashedly used by proponents of a state education system which strongly promotes and inculcates civic values. It is more controversially, and less squarely, used by or for proponents of a strong nation-state capable of resisting undesirable foreign interference.[6
Explanation:
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1.) The consulate is a diplomatic mission, the office of a consul and is usually subordinate to the state's main representation in the capital of that foreign country, usually an embassy or – between Commonwealth countries – high commission.
2.) The Reign of Terror, commonly The Terror, was a period of the French Revolution when, following the creation of the First French Republic, a series of massacres and numerous public executions took place
3.) A director is an elected individual who, along with other directors, is responsible for a company's corporate policy. Collectively, directors form the board of directors. ... Every private company must have at least one director, while public companies must have at least two directors.
4.) The Society of the Friends of the Constitution renamed the Society of the Jacobins, Friends of Freedom and Equality after 1792 and commonly known as the Jacobin Club (Club des Jacobins) or simply the Jacobins , was the most influential political club during the French Revolution of 1789. The period of its political ascendancy includes the Reign of Terror, during which time well over ten thousand people were put on trial and executed in France, many for political crimes.