difrence between carbocation and carbanions and their relative stability
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Carbocation and carbanion are two terms that are frequently used in organic chemistry. These are organic chemical species bearing an electrical charge on a carbon atom. Carbocations and carbanions are often found as intermediates of some reactions. The main difference between carbocation and carbanion is that carbocation contains a carbon atom bearing a positive charge whereas carbanion contains a carbon atom bearing a negative charge.
Three main factors increase the stability of carbocations:
Increasing the number of adjacent carbon atoms: methyl (least stable carbocation) < primary < secondary < tertiary (most stable carbocation)
Adjacent pi bonds that allow the carbocation p-orbital to be part of a conjugated pi-system system (“delocalization through resonance”)
Adjacent atoms with lone pairs.
The stability and reactivity of a carbanion is determined by several factors. These include
1)The inductive effect. Electronegative atoms adjacent to the charge will stabilize the charge;
2)Hybridization of the charge-bearing atom. The greater the s-character of the charge-bearing atom, the more stable the anion;
3)The extent of conjugation of the anion. Resonance effects can stabilize the anion. This is especially true when the anion is stabilized as a result of aromaticity.
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