Question

direct and indirect speech rules

Answer 1

From direct to indirect:
*simple present is converted into simple past.
*present continuous is converted into past continuous.
* present perfect continuous is converted into past perfect continuous
*present perfect is converted into past perfect.
*simple past is converted into past perfect.
*past continuous this convert into past perfect continuous

Answer 2

Hey there!
Nice question!

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$what \: is \: direct \: speech$

• It includes the actual words of the speaker.
for eg : She said : 'I am texting you'.

• It is used :

✓ To create a dramatic effect
✓ If the exact words of speaker is important
✓ qoutes.
✓ modes of narration.

$what \: is \: indirect \: speech$

• A speaker's words are reported by adding suitable changes.

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$some \: common \: rules$

$direct \: to \: indirect$

$tense$

✓ Simple present tense is converted into Simple Past.

✓ Present Continous is usually changed to past continuous.

✓ We need not change the tense always. sometimes, simple present tense is used.

✓Simple past tense is changed to past perfect

✓ Past Continous is usually changed to past perfect Continous

✓ Present perfect tense is usually changed to past perfect tense.

✓ Past perfect tense does not change.

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✓ 'Can' and 'Can't' is changed to 'could' or 'couldn't'

✓ 'will' and 'won't' is changed to 'would' and 'wouldn't'

✓ Other Modals verbs need not be changed.

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• Orders, Request, and Advice can be changed by Infinitives.

✓ Told
✓ Asked
✓ Advised
✓ Inquired

etc..can be used.

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• Yes/No Questions are changed by 'if' and 'whether'

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Hope I covered almost all parts.

Hope helped.