disadvantages of land reforms
Answers
Answer:
English (language):Today many arguments in support of land reform focus on its potential social and economic benefits, particularly in developing countries, that may emerge from reforms focused on greater land formalization. Such benefits may include eradicating food insecurity and alleviating rural poverty.
Hindi (Language):
आज भूमि सुधार के समर्थन में कई तर्क इसके संभावित सामाजिक और आर्थिक लाभों पर ध्यान केंद्रित करते हैं, विशेष रूप से विकासशील देशों में, जो अधिक भूमि औपचारिकता पर केंद्रित सुधारों से उभर सकते हैं। इस तरह के लाभों में खाद्य असुरक्षा का उन्मूलन और ग्रामीण गरीबी को कम करना शामिल हो सकता है।
Indonesian(Language):Saat ini banyak argumen yang mendukung reformasi pertanahan berfokus pada potensi manfaat sosial dan ekonominya, terutama di negara berkembang, yang mungkin muncul dari reformasi yang difokuskan pada formalisasi lahan yang lebih besar. Manfaat tersebut mungkin termasuk memberantas kerawanan pangan dan mengentaskan kemiskinan pedesaan.
More:
A ton of local Zimbabwean banks crashed. The effect of the "fast track" phase of land reform on the financial sector was catastrophic, because most banks in Zim held collectively billions of dollars' worth of bonds on the commercial farms which were seized and liquidated.
The contribution of the largest (white-owned) commercial farms to the Zimbabwean economy cannot be understated. Zim exports crashed from annual earnings of $600 million per year in 2000 to $100 million per year in 2009 while the land reform programme reached its peak. This in turn caused massive hyperinflation and a nationwide depression.
In keeping with the depression analogy, there were an estimated 200,000 black farm workers and possibly up to half a million of their dependents who were rendered homeless by land reform. At least white farmers often had enough money to make a fresh start in Zambia, South Africa, or somewhere else. The farmworkers had nothing. Less than 2% were deemed eligible to receive any land taken from their employers. Many flooded into the cities looking for work but urban unemployment was high at the time so few found any.
The rule of law in Zimbabwe was seriously eroded. Even judges sympathetic to land reform were appalled by the flagrantly illegal way the programme was carried out. The list of farms to be liquidated was compiled by the ruling party - ZANU-PF - at its annual congress, not by the Ministry of Agriculture. It was not greenlit by the courts. This was not an exercise of legally justifiable eminent domain. It was a lawless land rush orchestrated by a political party without going through the proper channels.
Zimbabwe went from being a net exporter of food to a net importer of food almost overnight. The negative trade balance still persists. As of 2018, wheat and maize production have still not recovered to their pre-2001 levels (according to the UN, 2001 was the last year the country's farms produced enough food to feed the population). Related is the fact that the same UN study found that 2.2 million Zimbabweans were at risk of starvation in 2014.
Disadvantages:
A ton of local Zimbabwean banks crashed. The effect of the "fast track" phase of land reform on the financial sector was catastrophic, because most banks in Zim held collectively billions of dollars' worth of bonds on the commercial farms which were seized and liquidated.
The contribution of the largest (white-owned) commercial farms to the Zimbabwean economy cannot be understated. Zim exports crashed from annual earnings of $600 million per year in 2000 to $100 million per year in 2009 while the land reform programme reached its peak. This in turn caused massive hyperinflation and a nationwide depression.
In keeping with the depression analogy, there were an estimated 200,000 black farm workers and possibly up to half a million of their dependents who were rendered homeless by land reform. At least white farmers often had enough money to make a fresh start in Zambia, South Africa, or somewhere else. The farmworkers had nothing. Less than 2% were deemed eligible to receive any land taken from their employers. Many flooded into the cities looking for work but urban unemployment was high at the time so few found any.
The rule of law in Zimbabwe was seriously eroded. Even judges sympathetic to land reform were appalled by the flagrantly illegal way the programme was carried out. The list of farms to be liquidated was compiled by the ruling party - ZANU-PF - at its annual congress, not by the Ministry of Agriculture. It was not greenlit by the courts. This was not an exercise of legally justifiable eminent domain. It was a lawless land rush orchestrated by a political party without going through the proper channels.
Zimbabwe went from being a net exporter of food to a net importer of food almost overnight. The negative trade balance still persists. As of 2018, wheat and maize production have still not recovered to their pre-2001 levels (according to the UN, 2001 was the last year the country's farms produced enough food to feed the population). Related is the fact that the same UN study found that 2.2 million Zimbabweans were at risk of starvation in 2014.