discus the procedure of administering first aid using Holger nelson method of restriction
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
1. CPR is a complex of relatively simple and logical ‘step by step’ procedures which should immediately restore the flow of oxygenated blood to the brain. CPR is only likely to be effective if commenced within short period after the blood flow stops. Already in as little as 4-5 min after the oxygenated blood flow stops brain cells become irreversibly damaged. Even if medical professionals are able to restore an effective circulation later on, cortical cerebral functions are often permanently damaged and the quality of patient’ s life would be never the same as before. This is the main reason why is so vitally important to educate broad community in the first aid and pre-hospital CPR.
2. History of CPR
History of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
The desire to bring people back to life is very old. In the Bible is described a story discerning a similarity to artificial ventilation in a passage from the Books of Kings (Bible, 2 Kings, IV, 34.). This first resuscitation effort described was Prophet Elisha's mouth to mouth method
"...And he went up, and lay upon the child, and put his mouth upon his mouth, and his eyes upon his eyes, and his hands upon his hands; and he stretched himself upon the child; and the flesh of the child waxed warm."
Very early in our history, people realized that the body became cold when lifeless and connected heat with life. In order to prevent death from taking the person, the body was warmed. The use of warm ashes, burning excrement, or hot water placed directly on the body were all employed in an attempt to restore life. In the early ages, the would-be rescuers would actually whip the victim in an attempt to stimulate some type of response.
1550 Bellows
In the 1500's it was recommended to use a bellows from a fireplace to blow hot air and smoke into the victim's mouth, a method that was used for almost 300 years. However, the lack of anatomical and physiological knowledge reduced its efficacy significantly. In 1829, Leroy d'Etiolles demonstrated that overdistension of the lungs by bellows could kill an animal, so this practice was discontinued.
In the 1700's a new method of resuscitation was used. This "new" procedure involved blowing tobacco smoke into the victim's rectum. According to the literature, smoke was first blown into an animal bladder, then into the victim's rectum. It was used successfully by North American Indians and American colonists an introduced in England in 1767. This practice was abandoned in 1811 after research by Benjamin Brodie when he demonstrated that four ounces of tobacco would kill a dog and one ounce would kill a cat.
1770 - Inversion Method
Other methods were developed in the 1700's in response to the leading cause of sudden death of that time, drowning. Inversion was originally practiced in Egypt almost 3,500 years before and it again became popular in Europe. This method involved hanging the victim by his feet, with chest pressure to aid in expiration and pressure release to aid inspiration.
In response to the increasing numbers of drowning during this time period, societies were formed to organize efforts in resuscitation. England's Royal Humane Society was founded in 1774. Although it was the most famous, it was not the first. It was preceded by the Dutch Society for Recovery of Drowned Persons, established in 1767. The Dutch recommendations included:
Warming the victim (which sometimes required transporting the body to a different location) by lighting afire near the victim, burying him in warm sand, placing the body in a warm bath, or placing in a bed with one or two volunteers;
Removing swallowed or aspirated water by positioning the victim head lower than his feet and applying manual pressure to the abdomen, vomiting was induced by tickling the back of the throat with a feather
Stimulation of the victim, especially the lungs, stomach and intestines by such means as rectal fumigation with tobacco smoke, or the use of strong odours
Restoring breathing with a bellows
Bloodletting.
These and other methods had been applied for years as documented in the report of Anne Green's hanging, resuscitation and recovery in 1650. Other methods included physical and tactile stimulation in an attempt to "wake up" the victim. Yelling, slapping, even whipping were used to attempt to resuscitate.
1773 - Barrel Method
In an effort to force air in and out of the victim's chest cavity, the rescuer would hoist the Victim onto a large wine barrel and alternately roll him back and forth. This action would result in a compression of the victim's chest cavity, forcing air out, and then a release of pressure which would allow the chest to expand resulting in air being drawn in.