Question

Discuss energy consumption pattern and problems in India.

Answer 1

Decomposition of aggregate energy intensity index allows the change in energy demand to be better understood for energy and environmental policy formulation. In India during 1989-90 to 1997-98 structural changes have pushed up the energy intensity index while conservation measures pulled it down after 1995-96.

India is the second largest commercial energy consumer in Non-OECD East Asia, comprising 19 percent of the region’s total primary energy consumption. Economic growth in India has largely been associated with increased energy consumption. While 60% of total energy needs in India are met by commercial energy sources, remaining 40% are comprised of non-conventional fuels. Over past few years, climate change has become one of the main concerns driving energy policy. More than 150 countries, including India, have committed themselves under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to formulate and implement mitigation and adaptation measures to climate change. India accounts for over 3.5% of world carbon emissions. Since energy use is a major source of emissions, it is necessary to focus on the management of energy demand and supply as a means to abatement. While energy demand grows significantly with economic growth, this coupling varies over time, depending on various other things. Technological progress, energy efficiency programmes and structural changes contribute towards the variation in energy demand. Understanding the various components of energy demand is therefore important and necessary in order to deal with future emissions.

Energy use profile of the Indian economy

Sectoral demand for energy arises mainly from lighting and cooking in the household sector; irrigation and other operations in the agricultural sector; transport of passengers and freight and fuel input requirements in the industrial sector. Table 1 shows sector-wise activity level and energy consumption pattern in India. India’s commercial energy consumption has increased from 130.7 million tonnes of oil equivalent (mtoe) in 1991/92 to 176.08 mtoe in 1997/98. Per capita commercial energy consumption increased from 152.7 kilo grams of oil equivalent (kgoe) to 184.7 kgoe over the same period. Average annual growth rate for the agricultural GDP is 2.6 percent, the same figures for the industrial, transport and the service sectors are 6.8 percent, 7.6 percent and 6.4 percent respectively. Industrial sector has consistently remained the largest consumer of commercial energy, followed by the transport sector despite declining share of industrial sector from 50.4 percent in 1991-92 to 47.8 percent in 1997-98.

Indicator analysis

Energy use can be viewed as a function of total GDP, structure of the economy and technology. Aggregate energy intensity is taken as an energy performance indicator in energy demand analysis. Literature on indicator analysis adopts either of the two approaches: energy consumption approach or energy intensity approach. We follow the intensity approach and decompose total energy-GDP ratio into structural effect (S.E) and intensity effect (I.E). Structural effect shows that part of change in energy use which is attributable to change in activity composition of an economy. Intensity effect tells us that keeping GDP effect and structural effect unchanged, what has been the change in energy use solely due to conservation measures. Figure 1 and accompanying table show the respective values for the structural effect (Dstr), intensity effect (Dint) and the total effect (Dtot) comprising of these two effects. In last decade, India experienced a structural change that has worsened the overall energy intensity index as it is greater than one except in two intermediate years of 1992-’94. Beyond 1993-94 the structural effect shows a rising trend in energy intensity. Intensity effect showing the conservation effort had a fluctuating trend, though this effect alone could outweigh the structural effect and overall energy intensity index shows falling trend after 1995-96.

Table 1: GDP at constant prices (Rs Th crores) and energy consumption (mtoe) in India

Years

Agriculture

GDP

Energy consumed in agriculture

Industry

GDP

Energy consumed in industry

Transport and trade

GDP

Energy consumed in transport

Services

GDP

Energy consumed in services

Answer 2

Energy consumption pattern and problems in India:

• The energy consumption pattern and problem in India is vast. The coal and natural gas are common energy production system and it is used for generating high energy.
• India has the energy consumption of 6280 kWh/capita, which is too high, but less compared to other countries.
• The energy use is represented as kWh/capita*billion capita=1 TWh. Hence the energy consumption pattern and problem is very High in India.

To know more about energy consumption pattern and problems

Make a report on energy  consumption of at least five families in a. Low income group b. Middle income group c. Lower middle income group d. High income group clearly state the kind and the amount of the energy used in each group. You can think of electricity,LPG,petrol,diesel,kerosene,wood and biomass.

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According to the report our common future what is the major cause and effect of global environmental problems?​

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