discuss how the changes in forest management in the Colonial period affected the following groups of people first shifting cultivators second Nomadic and coastal communities firms trading in timber / forest produce 4th plantation owners fifth Kings/ British official engaged in Shikhar
Answers
The impacts of forest managements during the colonial period was on the livlihood of shifting cultivators.There practises of 'Slash and Burn agriculture'was proved as harmfull to forests .Thus british decided to ban this sort of agricultural practises.For the sake of same purpose many cultivators become homeless and forced to change their occupation.
Nomadic and Pastoral communties
Nomadic and Pastoral communities depend upon forest for there cattles,food and ointments.The communities like Korava,Karacha and yerukula are the sufferers ,they were forced to pay work to british domination and are termed as 'Criminal Tribes'.
Firms trading in timber and Forest produce
Traders also suffered loss in forest products due to these reservation policies of british became an obstacle in there livlihood because they didn't got enough raw material for trading for e.g. timber,silk.,bamboo,spices and ect.
Plantation owners
Plantaion owners are also one victims of this reservations they were alloted with land to cultivate cash crops like tea and cofee.Europe’s growing need of these communities. Vast areas of forest land were given to the European planters at quite cheap rates. They were allowed to enclose such areas, clear the forest and plant tea, coffee, and rubber as they liked. Not only this, the Indian plantation owners to take work from them as they hiked.
Kings British officials engaged in shickars
The Indian Kings and British officials were allowed to hunt freely in the reserved forests. Under the colonial rule, the hunting increased to such an extent that various species became extinct. A large number of tigers, leopards, wolves were killed as sporting trophy. Hunting or shikar became a sport
Question :-
Discuss how the changes in forest management in the colonial period affected the following groups of people:
(a) Shifting cultivators
(b) Nomadic and pastoralist communities
(c) Firms trading in timber/forest produce
(d) Plantation owners
(e) Kings/British officials engaged in a shikar.
Answer :-
(a) Shifting Cultivators
Shifting cultivation was a traditional agricultural practice in many parts of Asia, Africa, and South America. Parts of the forest are cut and burnt in rotation. After the first monsoon rains, seeds are sown in the ashes, and crops are cultivated. Cultivation is continued for a couple of years. Then the forest is allowed to grow in the area for 12 to 18 years. Then they are cut and burnt once more. This rotation is called Shifting cultivation.
The Colonial government banned Shifting cultivation, as European foresters felt that this would harm the forests and valuable timber would be lost. The Government also found it difficult to calculate taxes when Shifting cultivation was practiced.
The ban displaced many Shifting cultivators. Many of them had to change their occupation. A few Shifting cultivators agitated against the ban.
(b) Nomadic and Pastoralist Communities
Nomadic and pastoralist communities moved about in the mountains and deserts and in the plains and plateaus of India and Africa. The pastoralist communities formed an important part of the population in both countries during the Colonial era. When the Colonial government established control over the forests it affected the pastoralist communities in a big way.
The pastoralist communities always moved from place to place with their cattle. When forests were destroyed by the government to expand agriculture, the Nomads lost grazing fields for their cattle. This brought a lot of hardship to the pastoralist communities.
(c) Firms Trading in Timber/Forest Produce
Large expanses of forests were cut for timber and forest produce. The Colonial Government was worried about this reckless felling of trees. It passed the Indian Forest Act in 1865. This Act was amended in the year 1878. Under this amendment the forests were divided into 3 categories, – reserved, protected and village forests. Villagers and local firms trading in timber and forest produce could not take anything from the reserved or protected forests which had the best trees. This affected the traders immensely.
(d) Plantation Owners
Vast areas of forests were given to European Planters, at a very cheap rate by the Colonial government. Natural forests were cleared to cultivate tea coffee and rubber trees. There was a great demand for these commodities in Europe. These plantations were fenced off and others were not allowed inside.
(e) Kings/British Officials engaged in Shikar
Forest laws banned hunting of deer, partridges, and small animals. People who lived near the forests were deprived of their livelihood and food because of this ban. Contrary to this ban hunting of big animals like the tiger, leopard and wolves became a sport for the kings and the British. The British felt that by killing dangerous animals they could civilize India. The indiscriminate hunting by the British and the Kings almost made certain species of animals extinct.
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