Question

Discuss how the changes in forest management in the colonial period affected the following groups of people : (i) Shifting cultivators
(ii) Nomadic and pastoralist communities (iii) Firms trading in timber/forest produce (iv) Plantation owners
(v) Kings/British officials engaged in shikar






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Answer 1

Answer:

(b) Nomadic and Pastoralist Communities (i) The forest laws deprived people of their customary rights and meant severe hardship for the nomadic and pastoralist communities. They could not cut wood for their houses, could not graze their cattle or collect fruits and roots. Hunting and fishing became illegal.

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Answer 2

Shifting Cultivators:. The colonial rulers and shifting cultivation at it for difficult for the government to calculate taxes. As a result a number of communities were forced to leave the forest some had to join alternate occupations in the cities while some rose in rebellion against Colony authority.

Ii) Nomadic and pastoralist communities:

The Nomadic and pastoralist Groups suffered a lot . The British government declared some forests are reserved and protected. This Limited their access to the forests. They could not graze their animals in the forest or collect fruits, roots, fuel and Timber. For medicine they could not collect medicinal plants. They had to give up hunting and fishing in the forest areas as well.

iii) Firms trading in Timber/ forest produce:

The British Colonial rule affected the Timber Trade in many ways:

a) The British government enacted loss for forest preservation. People were not allowed to cut trees and collect Timber from the forests

b) People could not collect the forest products like coconuts, bamboo, spices, Silk, gum ,e.t c

c) The British government gave the right to only a few European trading firms to trade in the forest product of particular areas.

iv) plantation owners:

Large areas of forests were cleared to make way for tea, coffee and Rubber plantations.

Plantation agriculture came to India with the British rule.The Owners of the plantations were mostly Europeans. These European traders started making huge profits. The Indian traders and plantation workers were left at the mercy of European plantation owners.

v)

Kings/ British officials engaged in Shikhar( hunting):

Hunting was considered a way of enjoyment by the Indian rulers. The King was recognised by the number of tigers or lions killed by him. Even the British government encourage the Killing of animals most of the British officials were found of hunting. Under the British rule the scale of hunting increased to such an extent that various species became almost extinct.

Only after many years past the environmentalist question this uncontrol hunting and suggested the preservation of the animal species.