Discuss role of private sector in India’s defence production
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Defence of a country is the collective responsibility of all its citizens. It is also a fact that progress, growth and development of a country can only take place in a secure, stable and peaceful environment. In this age of nation states, it is not uncommon to see the territorial integrity of one nation being violated by another. Reasons for doing so could be many and varied, starting from boundary disputes (as in the case of India and China), to use of territory for hostile attacks (US drone strikes in Pakistan) to control of sea lanes of communication and natural resources of the oceans (South China sea claims of China and others) etc. It is therefore important that every nation state adopts ways and means to secure its borders.
It could do so by two ways. Firstly, it could be part of a grouping wherein perceived threats are common to the members of the group and in case of a threat manifesting to one member; other members of the group are prepared to come to its aid. Thus, most of the European nations are part of NATO led by the USA. Likewise, a large number of countries of the far east Asia like South Korea, Taiwan, Philippines, Japan and even Australia have alignments with each other as well as the USA, should they require assistance in case of a threat to their security. In a way, they have outsourced their security either because they are too small to handle a perceived threat or because they do not possess adequate resources to ensure their own security.
Secondly, if a country does not wish to be part of a collective security umbrella or grouping and wishes to remain nonaligned with the concomitant benefit of autonomy in decision making, it needs to develop capabilities to combat any challenges to its stability and security. India is a specific example. We have unsettled boundary issues with both China and Pakistan. While we may have an edge over Pakistan, China is way ahead of us. Considering the close relationship between China and Pakistan, possibility of collusion between the two against us cannot be ruled out. In the past, while we fought against Pakistan, China did not take advantage to open another front against us simultaneously. But in case of a skirmish against China, the likelihood of Pakistan taking advantage and starting something on our western borders is strong. Thus, we have to be prepared to defend ourselves if a two front war is thrust on us.
Building of our capabilities is a continuous process. Military modernisation demands upgradation of our doctrines, equipment, tactics and training on an ongoing basis to remain relevant in the current environment. At any point in time, a modern force is expected to have one third futuristic equipment, one third current equipment and the balance one third nearing obsolescence. This implies regular infusion of heavy funding to replace obsolete and aging equipment. The expenditure would be much more if we are dependent on imports of military equipment as compared to indigenous manufacture. A second drawback of imports is that these can dry up at crucial times of a crisis, depending on the exporting country’s policies and relationship with us. In 1971, while we were battling Pakistan, not only did imports of military equipment from the US dried up, we also had reports of US Seventh Fleet moving in to the Bay Of Bengal to put pressure on us. Dependence on imports for defence also militates against the principle of self-sufficiency in this vital field.
HISTORY OF DEFENCE EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURE IN INDIA
At this point, it would be appropriate to briefly delve in to the history of defence equipment manufacture in the country since independence. To begin with, defence was always treated as a holy cow by the political system. Whether due to lack of a strategic culture among the political class or lack of interest and knowledge in defence matters or due to a misplaced notion of security, matters pertaining to defence were never discussed in Parliament. The defence budget was invariably passed without any discussion or debate. Among the political hierarchy of nineteen fifties, Sardar Patel was perhaps the only leader with a strategic vision for the country, as is evident from his efforts to unite the 600 odd princely states existing at the time of British departure, with the rest of India.
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Robotics and Artificial Intelligence (AI) is combination of technology and cognitive intelligence for simulation, processing of information and knowledge to build capability in a machine to imitate human behaviour. It is a transformative technology that has tremendous applications in the social, economic and military fields. Till some time back we had robots operated by a human or through a set of programming to perform repetitive task. The technology is already present in many sectors of economy, such as mapping technologies, hand writing recognition for mail delivery, financial trading, surveillance, target acquisition, smart vehicles, ammunition, and robots performing numerous industrial, medical and military tasks.
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