discuss socilogical development goals of physical education
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It is generally suggested that youngsters can develop personal and social skills through their participation in PE (Weiss, 2011) and sports (Holt et al., 2011). Overall, our review confirms this premise as most of the included studies indeed reported a positive relationship between youngsters’ participation in PE or sports and a range of personal and social skills. This supports the increasing interest in preparing children for the future by teaching them personal and social skills. The most widely examined outcome across all studies was prosocial behaviour. Prosocial behaviour refers to concepts such as respect, empathy and sympathy. Cooperation and work ethic received considerable attention as well, particularly in the context of sports with studies showing a positive relationship with helping peers and teamwork. The least examined outcomes were decision-making and problem-solving. Apart from these five categories, we also identified six other categories of personal and social outcomes that were addressed to a moderate degree. These were control and management, goal-setting, responsibility, leadership, meeting people and making friends, and communication. Our results furthermore revealed that more than half of the studies were conducted in North America, and a quarter of the studies took place in Europe. As PE and sports are contingent upon a range of historical, social and political contextual factors and thus socially constructed (Armour, 2011; Kirk, 2010), more studies are needed involving a wider range of continents, countries and cultures.