discuss the causes that led to the revolution of 1927
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Before the Russian Revolution, the country was under the rule of the Romanov family.
The Emperor had the title of Tsar, and Tsar Nicholas II was at the helm during the revolution.
The revolution started in March 1917.
Governance did not only involve the Tsar as there was also a Russian parliament known as Duma.
The revolution was largely inspired by the struggles the people of Russia had been going through in the winter of 1916-17.
There was widespread hunger, and lack of fuel, plus the working class were poorly paid.
The March Revolution was one of two parts of revolutions in Russia in 1917 that ended Tsarist autocracy and led to the rise of the Soviet Union.
After the bloodshed of 1905, Tsar Nicholas II promised the formation of a series of representative assemblies, or Dumas, to work toward reform. The Duma was considered to be the Russian parliament. However, the Tsar’s reactionary policies, which included the occasional dissolution of the Duma, the chief fruit of the revolution, spread dissatisfaction even among moderate elements and the Russian Empire’s many ethnic minorities grew increasingly restless under Russian domination.
Russia entered World War I in August 1914 in support of the Serbs and their French and British allies. Their involvement in the war would prove disastrous for the Russian Empire.
In terms of their military, imperial Russia was no match for i
costly war effort.
Tsar Nicholas left the Russian capital of Petrograd (St. Petersburg) in 1915 to take command of the Russian Army front. As the name St. Petersburg sounded too German it was changed in 1914 to the more Russian sounding Petrograd.
The revolution can be thought to have officially started in March 1917 as the bond between the Tsar and most of the Russian people had been broken and Government corruption and inefficiency were rampant. The revolution started through work protests and central to these protests were the Bolsheviks (“Ones of the Majority”) led by Vladimir Lenin, who campaigned for an immediate end to the war, land allocation to the peasants and food and fuel to the workers through better pay. However, Vladimir Lenin was out of the empire when the actual revolution involving the Duma occurred.
Timeline for the Revolution
March 4th: Workers from the largest city factory in Petrograd (the Putilov engineering factory) went on strike over management’s refusal to implement a 50% pay rise, needed to feed themselves as Russia was experiencing food shortages.
March 8th: Over 30,000 workers were denied access to their workplace and were not paid. The already striking workers from Petrograd persuaded these workers to join them on strike and demonstrations occurred throughout the city. Nicholas II was in Petrograd at this time but chose to ignore the strikers and left to inspect troops at the war front. His thinking was that the demonstrations were the work of hooligans and that the demonstrations would soon end.
March 9th: The protests escalated. Nicholas was briefed on the situation and the Duma advised him to order the release of emergency food supplies. He ignored them and ordered that the riots be quelled by March 10.
March 10th: The Russian police attempted to carry out Nicholas II’s orders to end the riots. Scores of people were killed and injured, which fuelled the riots. The rioting workers opened prisons releasing inmates and for the first time, there were nationwide calls for the Tsar to step down, to the extent that soldiers and policemen once fighting the protesters joined them. The head of the Duma informed Nicholas II that law and order had collapsed because of the protests. In anger, Nicholas II decided that the Duma should no longer meet as he considered their advice useless.
March 11th: Russian Parliament disobeyed Nicholas II and, alongside the protests, this was considered the first act of the Russian Revolution. The members of the Duma met in the ongoing chaos. The Duma was informed that over 25,000 soldiers had mutinied and were marching to support them. They decided to form the Provisional Government, considered to be a temporary government, to take the place of the Tsar.
March 12th: As the situation had deteriorated for the royal family, Nicholas II decided to return to Petrograd to restore law and order. The Provisional Government had by now gained considerable control and stopped the train ferrying the royal family out of Petrograd. They wanted to negotiate Nicholas II’s surrender. The first plan of action was for Alexis, his son, to take over, but Nicholas II refused as he felt that the boy was too weak. The throne was then offered to his brother Grand Duke Michael, but he declined. Nevertheless, Nicholas II was forced to abdicate even though there was no one from the Romanov family to take over.
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