Question

Discuss the classification of pneumatic conveying system based on particle concentration modes

Answer 1

In this paper, five conventional demarcating criteria for pneumatic conveying modes were reviewed. A new classification principle suitable for theoretical and applied research was proposed employing superficial gas velocity Ug as classifying index and saltation velocity Us, critical velocity Uc, choking velocity Uch and minimum velocity of fluidized flow Um as demarcating critical values in the Zenz-type phase diagram which describes the characteristics of gas-solid two-phase flow in pipes. For horizontal pneumatic conveying, the diagram consists of dilute phase (Us<Ug), medium phase (UcUg<Us), dense phase (Ug<Uc) with the pipe full at one or more cross-sections, 'dead zone' (Ug<Uc) with unstable stratified flow. For choking vertical pneumatic conveying, dilute phase (Uch<Ug), dense phase (Um<Ug<Uch), moving bed conveying (Ug<Um) exist. For non-choking vertical pneumatic conveying system, it is now difficult to classify conveying modes with a Zenz-type phase diagram because of poor understanding of the transition between flow patterns.
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Answer 2

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Gravitational Potential Energy

The general expression for gravitational potential energy arises from the law of gravity and is equal to the work done against gravity to bring a mass to a given point in space. Because of the inverse square nature of the gravity force, the force approaches zero for large distances, and it makes sense to choose the zero of gravitational potential energy at an infinite distance away. The gravitational potential energy near a planet is then negative, since gravity does positive work as the mass approaches. This negative potential is indicative of a "bound state"; once a mass is near a large body, it is trapped until something can provide enough energy to allow it to escape. The general form of the gravitational potential energy of mass m is:

U= -GMm/r

where G is the gravitation constant, M is the mass of the attracting body, and r is the distance between their centers.  

This is the form for the gravitational potential energy which is most useful for calculating the escape velocity from the earth's gravity.

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