Question

discuss the features of Indian agriculture in the colonial period​

Answer 1

Answer:

Economic Decline of Peasantry

The peasants were discontented with the official land revenue policy and the consequent loss of their land. In fact, it was the peasantry that bore the heavy burden of taxes to provide money for the trade of the Company, for the cost of administration and the wars of British expansion in India.

For example, in Bengal, the land revenue was double the amount collected under the Mughals. Not even a part of this revenue was spent on the development of agriculture or on the welfare of the cultivator. Increase in the land revenue forced many peasants into indebtedness or into selling their lands.

The traditional zamindars were replaced by merchants and moneylenders. These new landowners had no concern for the peasants. They pushed rents to exorbitant levels and evicted their tenants in case of non-payment. The economic decline of the peasants affected cultivation and led to many famines.

Decline of Landed Aristocracy

The landed aristocracy which included the taluqdars and the hereditary landlords were ase deprived of their estates.

According to the provisions of the Inam Commission (1852), 20,000 estates were confiscated when the landlords failed to produce evidence like title-deeds by which they in In held the land. These confiscated lands were sold by public auction to the highest bidders.

Such estates were usually purchased by merchants sold and moneylenders who did not understand the needs of the tenants and exploited them.

This fort drove the landed aristocracy to poverty without benefitting the peasantry which suffered under the weight of exorbitant land revenue.

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Answer 2

Answer:

Some of the outstanding features of Indian agriculture are mentioned as follows:

• Subsistence agriculture
• Pressure of population on agriculture Importance of animals
• Importance of animalsDependent upon Monsoon
• Variety of crops
• Variety of cropsPredominance of food crops
• Variety of cropsPredominance of food cropsInsignificant place to given fodder crops