discuss the features of National list movement in China during the post of first world war
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Explanation:
Chinese nationalism emerged in the last years of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911), especially in response to the humiliation of defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, and the invasion and pillaging of Beijing by eight nations who were stopping the attacks on foreigners by the Boxer Rebellion of 1900. In both cases the aftermath included massive financial reparations, and special privileges granted to foreigners. The longtime image of the superior celestial kingdom at the center of the universe had crashed; last-minute efforts to modernize and strengthen the old system were unsuccessful. Liang Qichao failed to reform the Qing government in 1896 and was later expelled to Japan, where he translated the ideas of nationalism into Chinese and himself became a nationalist. As a monarchist, Liang and other monarchists argued the Chinese empire should sustain as a whole (Chinese nation), and debates with those anti-Manchu revolutionaries and Han chauvinist such as Sun Yat-sen, who later accepted all peoples in China, including Manchu, were member of a united Chinese nation in 1912 when the Manchu government was overthrown.
During World War I, China joined the Allies in order to recover its sovereignty from Germany. Although China was on the winning side, it was severely humiliated again by the Versailles Treaty of 1919, which transferred the special privileges that Germany had gained not back to China but to its bitter enemy Japan. This latest humiliation sparked the May Fourth Movement of 1919 exploded into nation-wide protests that spurred an upsurge of Chinese nationalism, as well as a shift towards political mobilization and away from cultural activities, and a move towards a mass base and away from traditional intellectual and political elites. Since the overthrown of the old Empire in 1912, China have been ruled by regional warlords, but now a strong sense of national unity was reflected in a large-scale military campaign, led by the Kuomintang (KMT). The goals of nationalism were achieved by building a strong national republican government that overpowered the provincial warlords, and sharply reduced special privileges for foreigners. As for well-being, the people were still mired deep in poverty, and threatened repeatedly by famines and epidemics.
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