discuss the function of the exective in mordern time.it should be long ans
Answers
The primary function of executive is to enforce laws and to maintain law and order in the state. Whenever a breach of law takes place, it is the responsibility of the executive to plug the breach and bring the offenders to book.
The second but most powerful organ of the government is the Executive. It is that organ which implements the laws passed by the legislature and the policies of the government. The rise of welfare state has tremendously increased the functions of the state, and in reality of the executive. In common usage people tend to identify the executive with the government. In contemporary times, there has taken place a big increase in the power and role of the executive in every state.
Answer:
1. Enforcement of Laws:
The primary function of executive is to enforce laws and to maintain law and order in the state. Whenever a breach of law takes place, it is the responsibility of the executive to plug the breach and bring the offenders to book. Each government department is responsible for the implementation of the laws and policies concerning its work. For maintaining law and order in the state, the executive organises and maintains the police force.
2. Appointment-making Functions:
All major appointments are made by the chief executive. As for example, the President of India appoints the Chief Justice and other Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts. Ambassadors, Advocate General of India, Members of Union Public Service Commission, Governors of States etc.
Likewise, the President of the United States makes a very large number of key appointments. All the secretaries who head various government departments, Judges of the Supreme Court and other Federal Courts, the Federal officials in the States etc., are appointed by the US President. However, all such appointments require the approval of the US Senate (Upper House US Congress i.e. Parliament).
3. Treaty-making Functions:
It is the responsibility of the executive to decide as to which treaties are to be signed with which other countries. The executive negotiates the treaties in accordance with the procedure defined by international law and also in accordance with the provisions the constitution of the state.
4. Defence, War and Peace Functions:
One of the key functions of the state is to defend and preserve the unity and integrity of the country and protect it in the event of an external aggression or war. It is the responsibility of the executive to undertake this work. To organise military for the defence of the state, to prepare for and fight the war, if it becomes necessary, and to negotiate and sign peace settlement after every war, are the functions performed by the executive.
5. Foreign Policy-making and the Conduct of Foreign Relations:
In this age of ever-increasing global interdependence, it has become one of the most important functions of a government to formulate the foreign policy of the state and to conduct foreign relations. This function is also performed by the executive.
6. Policy-making:
Modern welfare state has to carry out a large number of functions for securing the socio-economic-cultural development of its people. It has to formulate policies, prepare short-term and long-term plans and implement these. All actions of the state are guided by definite policies and plans.
7. Functions relating to Law-making:
Law-making is primarily the function of the legislature. However, the executive also plays a role in law-making. In this sphere too the role of the executive has been increasing by leaps and bounds. In a parliamentary system, the ministers are also members of the legislature and they play a leading role in law-making.
8. Law-making under the system of Delegated Legislation:
The system of delegated legislation has considerably increased the law-making role of the executive. Under this system, the legislature delegates some of its law-making powers to the executive. The executive then makes rules on the basis of these powers. The amount of delegated legislation made by the executive far out-weighs the laws passed by the legislature.
9. Financial Functions:
It is the legislature which is the custodian of all finances. It has the power to impose, or reduce or eliminate a tax. However, in actual practice, the executive exercises a number of financial functions. It has the responsibility to prepare the budget. It proposes the levy of new taxes or changes in tax structure and administration. It collects and spends the money as sanctioned by the legislature.
10. Some Semi-Judicial Functions:
The appointment of judges by the executive is regarded as the best method for ensuring the independence of judiciary. In almost all democratic systems, the chief executive has the power to appoint judges. Further, he has the right to grant pardon, reprieve and amnesty to criminals. Under the system of administrative adjudication, the executive agencies have the power to hear and decide cases involving particular fields of administrative activity.
11. Grant of Titles and Honours:
Another important function of the executive is to grant titles and honours to the people in recognition of their meritorious services to the nation. Such persons who do commendable work in their respective spheres of activity—Art, Science, Literature etc. are granted titles by the executive.