Discuss the impact of historical,political, economic and geographical factors that has brought changes on the Indian agriculture after independence.
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Answer:
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Explanation:
At the time of Independence, India inherited a semi-feudal agrarian structure with onerous tenure arrangements. The ownership and control of land was highly concentrated in a few landlords and intermediaries. Thus, the agricultural land resource of India was gradually impoverished because economic motivation tended towards exploitation rather than investment.
Intermediaries like Zamindars, Talukdars, Jagirs and Inams had dominated the agricultural sector in India by the time the country attained independence. Soon after independence, measures for the abolition of the Zamindari system were adopted in different states. The first Act to abolish intermediaries was passed in Madras in 1948. As a result of the abolition of intermediaries, about 2 crore tenants are estimated to have come into direct contact with the State making them owners of land. • The abolition of intermediaries has led to the end of a parasite class. More lands have been brought to government possession for distribution to landless farmers.
4. Tenancy Reforms Security of Tenure Fair Rent Ownership Rights
5. To protect tenants from eviction and to grant them permanent rights on lands, laws have been enacted in most of the states. They have three essential features. (a) Tenants cannot be evicted without any reason. They can be evicted only in accordance with the laws. (b) Land can be resumed by the landlord only on the ground of personal cultivation. But the land-lord can resume the land only up to a maximum limit. (c) The landlord should leave some area to the tenant for his own cultivation. The tenant in no case should be made landless.
6. • In Pre-Independent India rents were high for obvious reasons. Fifty per cent of the total produce was paid as rent. • In addition to such high rent, the tenant had to provide certain free services to landlords. • So at the beginning of the First Plan, the Central Government insisted on the regulation of high rent by State Governments. • It was laid down that the rent to be paid to the landlord should not be more than 20 to 25 per cent. The main objective of such Acts was to make the rent fair and reasonable.
7. So far as right of ownership is concerned, tenants have been declared as the owners of the land they cultivate. They have to pay compensation to the owners. The amount of compensation should not exceed the level of fair rent. As a result of these measures about 40 lakh tenants have already acquired ownership rights over 37 lakh hectares of land. They have become better-off economically and socially.