discuss the Marxist view of citizensip
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Marx believed that human history, on the whole, is such a process: from the individual being just "the accessory of a definite and limited human conglomerate" to "the independence of the people on the basis of the dependence of object" through the bourgeois' "political revolution"
and then to "a real community in which the individuals obtain their freedom in and through their association." In such a historical perspective, on the one hand, the modern citizenship in a bourgeois state shows its historical limitations, and on the other hand, it also represents a historical progress. Marx's critique of modern citizenship in the modern bourgeois state is not to end the citizenship, but to transform citizenship.ffj The historical limitations of modern citizenship lie in that the person whomthe bourgeois state recognizes through "human rights" (droits de l'homme)l and protects through "citizenship rights"(droits du citoyen)is just a member of "civil society" rather than a member of the "human society." The so-called human rights are just the egoistic rights of members of a civil society. Such rights only focus on formal equality, while ignoring the real social conditions need to realize these rights. However, in the existing structure of the civil society, the distribution of these conditions among its members is structurally unequal. Therefore, the human rights system of the modern bourgeois state, as a matter of fact, recognizes and preserves the privileges of the propertied class through the formal equality of rights, and consequently the substantial inequality in the civil society.ffj The historical progress of modern citizenship is that it replaces the absolute obedience to a monarch with the political system based on the rights of citizenship, liberates its members
from the feudal relationship of personal dependence, and makes them become members with personal freedom in the "civil society." Without the personal freedom that modern citizenship affirms and recognizes, there would be no free flow of factors of