Discuss the nature of the khilafat movement and its role in the non cooperation movement
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Cooperation Movement and Khilafat Movement in India
The Non-Cooperation Movement launched on 1st August 1920 by Mahatma Gandhi was the first mass movement organised on a nation-wide scale during the course of India’s freedom struggle. In this article, we shall read about the causes, methods, impact and end of the Non-Cooperation Movement in detail.
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Non-Cooperation Movement and Khilafat Movement in India

Home » History» Freedom Struggle » Non-Cooperation Movement and Khilafat Movement in India
The Non-Cooperation Movement launched on 1st August 1920 by Mahatma Gandhi was the first mass movement organised on a nation-wide scale during the course of India’s freedom struggle. In this article, we shall read about the causes, methods, impact and end of the Non-Cooperation Movement in detail.
Causes of Non-Cooperation Movement
There were four main causes of the Non-Cooperation Movement:
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and Resultant Punjab Disturbances
Dissatisfaction with Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms
Rowlatt Act
Khilafat Agitation
Let us see each cause of the Non-Cooperation Movement in detail.
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and Resultant Punjab Disturbances
A large but unarmed crowd had gathered on 13th April 1919 at Amritsar in the Jallianwala Bagh to protest against the arrest of their popular leaders, Dr Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr Satyapal. However, on the orders of General Dyer, this unarmed crowd comprising of women and children among others was fired upon mercilessly with rifles and machine guns. Thousands were killed and wounded. After this massacre, martial law was proclaimed throughout Punjab and the people were submitted to the most uncivilised atrocities.
The British government set up the Inquiry Disorders Committee, popularly known as the Hunter Committee after its Chairman Lord William Hunter, to investigate Jallianwala Bagh incident and General Dyer’s role. Although the Hunter committee held General Dyer responsible for the massacre at Jallianwala Bagh it upheld his reasons for ordering the firing upon the unarmed crowd and also the imposition of martial law in Punjab.
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The people of India did not accept the Hunter Committee’s recommendations due to its clear biases. There was unrest among the masses to ensure that justice was delivered for the Punjab wrongs. Mahatma Gandhi gave up the Kaiser-i-Hind titled bestowed upon him by the British government in protest. Rabindranath Tagore renounced his knighthood in protest against the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
Dissatisfactisfaction with the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms
The Government of India Act of 1919 was enacted based on the recommendations of the Montagu-Chelmsford proposals of 1918. This Act introduced the system of ‘Dyarchy’ and divided subjects into lists – Reserved and Transferred. Direct elections were introduced to the Legislative Assembly (lower house), however, the right to votes was severely curtailed. Moreover, the Legislative Assembly had no control over the Governor-General and his Executive Council.
However, Indian nationalists had advanced far beyond such halting concessions. The Indian National Congress met in a special session at Bombay in August 1918 under the Presidentship of Hasan Imam and condemned the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms and demanded effective self-government instead.
Rowlatt Act
On the basis of the finding of the Rowlatt Committee, the government enacted the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919 which was popularly called the Rowlatt Act. This act authorized the government to imprison for a maximum period of two years, without trial, any person suspected of terrorism. Thus in succession, the Government passed Montagu Chelmsford Reforms and Rowlatt Act that were part of the Carrot and Stick policy of the British. This act gave a new direction to the movement. Gandhi organized a mass protest at all India level.
Khilafat Movement
The most important cause of the Non-Cooperation Movement was the Khilafat Movement started in 1919 which brought the Muslims and the Hindus on a common platform against the British rule. This point requires elaboration.
Khilafat Movement in India
In the first World War Turkey had aligned with the Axis powers led by Germany that were defeated by the Allied powers led by Great Britain. The politically conscious Muslims were critical of the treatment out to the Turkish (Ottoman) Empire by Britain and its Allies who had partitioned it and taken away Thrace from Turkey proper
The Non-Cooperation Movement launched on 1st August 1920 by Mahatma Gandhi was the first mass movement organised on a nation-wide scale during the course of India’s freedom struggle. In this article, we shall read about the causes, methods, impact and end of the Non-Cooperation Movement in detail.
Get Access

2

Non-Cooperation Movement and Khilafat Movement in India

Home » History» Freedom Struggle » Non-Cooperation Movement and Khilafat Movement in India
The Non-Cooperation Movement launched on 1st August 1920 by Mahatma Gandhi was the first mass movement organised on a nation-wide scale during the course of India’s freedom struggle. In this article, we shall read about the causes, methods, impact and end of the Non-Cooperation Movement in detail.
Causes of Non-Cooperation Movement
There were four main causes of the Non-Cooperation Movement:
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and Resultant Punjab Disturbances
Dissatisfaction with Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms
Rowlatt Act
Khilafat Agitation
Let us see each cause of the Non-Cooperation Movement in detail.
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and Resultant Punjab Disturbances
A large but unarmed crowd had gathered on 13th April 1919 at Amritsar in the Jallianwala Bagh to protest against the arrest of their popular leaders, Dr Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr Satyapal. However, on the orders of General Dyer, this unarmed crowd comprising of women and children among others was fired upon mercilessly with rifles and machine guns. Thousands were killed and wounded. After this massacre, martial law was proclaimed throughout Punjab and the people were submitted to the most uncivilised atrocities.
The British government set up the Inquiry Disorders Committee, popularly known as the Hunter Committee after its Chairman Lord William Hunter, to investigate Jallianwala Bagh incident and General Dyer’s role. Although the Hunter committee held General Dyer responsible for the massacre at Jallianwala Bagh it upheld his reasons for ordering the firing upon the unarmed crowd and also the imposition of martial law in Punjab.
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Get all the recommended Books for IAS Prelims and Mains exam in one place. Only the essential books for your UPSC preparation are listed on this page.Click Here
The people of India did not accept the Hunter Committee’s recommendations due to its clear biases. There was unrest among the masses to ensure that justice was delivered for the Punjab wrongs. Mahatma Gandhi gave up the Kaiser-i-Hind titled bestowed upon him by the British government in protest. Rabindranath Tagore renounced his knighthood in protest against the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
Dissatisfactisfaction with the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms
The Government of India Act of 1919 was enacted based on the recommendations of the Montagu-Chelmsford proposals of 1918. This Act introduced the system of ‘Dyarchy’ and divided subjects into lists – Reserved and Transferred. Direct elections were introduced to the Legislative Assembly (lower house), however, the right to votes was severely curtailed. Moreover, the Legislative Assembly had no control over the Governor-General and his Executive Council.
However, Indian nationalists had advanced far beyond such halting concessions. The Indian National Congress met in a special session at Bombay in August 1918 under the Presidentship of Hasan Imam and condemned the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms and demanded effective self-government instead.
Rowlatt Act
On the basis of the finding of the Rowlatt Committee, the government enacted the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919 which was popularly called the Rowlatt Act. This act authorized the government to imprison for a maximum period of two years, without trial, any person suspected of terrorism. Thus in succession, the Government passed Montagu Chelmsford Reforms and Rowlatt Act that were part of the Carrot and Stick policy of the British. This act gave a new direction to the movement. Gandhi organized a mass protest at all India level.
Khilafat Movement
The most important cause of the Non-Cooperation Movement was the Khilafat Movement started in 1919 which brought the Muslims and the Hindus on a common platform against the British rule. This point requires elaboration.
Khilafat Movement in India
In the first World War Turkey had aligned with the Axis powers led by Germany that were defeated by the Allied powers led by Great Britain. The politically conscious Muslims were critical of the treatment out to the Turkish (Ottoman) Empire by Britain and its Allies who had partitioned it and taken away Thrace from Turkey proper
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The role of Khilafat movement in the non-cooperation movement was to bring together the Indians all together as Hindus and Muslims against the rule of British.
Explanation:
Khilafat movement was the injustice brought in Turkey which gave birth to Non-Cooperation Movement and a boost of utmost determined powerful nature to protest against the rule of British by Hindus and Muslims brought together with one aim to eradicate the British rule from India. Hence, Khilafat movement played an important booster role in Non Cooperation movement.
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