Discuss the overall effects of the commercialisation of agriculture in rural India.
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Explanation:
Discuss thecommercialisation of agriculture in India duringcolonial rule. Discuss various consequences of agricultural commercialisation.
Demand of the question
Introduction.Contextual introduction.
Body. Discuss commercialisation of agriculture. Positive and negative impact.
Conclusion.Conclude contextually.
The British rule had pronounced and profound economic impact on India. The various economic policies followed by the British led to the rapid transformation of India’s economy into a colonial economy whose nature and structure were determined by needs of the British economy. One important aspect of British economic policy was commercialisation of agriculture.
Commercialisation of Agriculture during British Period:
The commercialisation of Indian agriculture started post 1813 when the industrial revolution in England gained pace. It became prominent around 1860 A.D (during American Civil War which boosted demand of Cotton from India to Britain as America was not able to export Cotton).
Its aim was not to feed the industries of India because India was far behind in industrial development as compared to Britain, France, Belgium and many other European countries of eighteenth century.But was done primarily to feed the British industries.
It led toproduction of only those agricultural products which were either needed by the British industries or could fetch cash commercial gain to the British in the European or American market.For example, several efforts were made to increase the production of cotton in India to provide raw and good quality cotton to the cotton-textile industries of Britain which were growing fast after the Industrial Revolution in Britain. Therefore, cotton growing area increase in India and its production increased manifold with gradual lapse of time.
Indigo and more than that, tea and coffee plantation were encouraged in India because these could get commercial market abroad.
Most of the plantations for commercial crops were controlled by the English. Jute was another product that received attention of the English company because the jute made products got a ready market in America and Europe.
Cash transactions become the basis of exchange and largely replaced the barter system.
The new land tenure system was introduced in the form of permanent settlement and Ryotwari Settlement had made agricultural land a freely exchangeable commodity.The Permanent settlement by giving ownership right to the zamindars created a class of wealthy landlords; they could make use of this ownership right by sale or purchase of land.
The agriculture which had been way of life rather than a business enterprise now began to be practiced for sale in national and international market.
Crops like cotton, jute, sugarcane, ground nuts, tobacco etc. which had a high demand in the market were increasingly cultivated. The beginning of the plantation crops like Tea, coffee, rubber, indigo etc heralded a new era in agricultural practices in India. These were essentially meant for markets and thus commercialisation of agriculture took to new heights with the expansion of the British rule.
The commercialisation of agriculture was a forced and artificial process for the majority of Indian peasants. It was introduced under coercion of the British and not out of the incentive of peasantry at large. The peasantry went for cultivation of commercial crops under duress. He had to pay the land revenue due to the British government in time. Moreover, he had to grow commercial crop on a specified tract of his land under the oppression of planters.
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