Question

discuss the process of pumping of blood specifying the type of blood flowing through its each chamber?

Answer 1

The cardiovascular network is constantly subjected to the mechanical forces generated by the beating heart. The heart beat starts early in embryonic development, so cardiovascular development is dynamic: endothelial cells reorganize and migrate to form an efficient vascular network at the same time that blood flow increases with the increasing efficacy of the beating heart. From a developmental biology standpoint, this suggests evolving interactions between hemodynamic forces, heart function, and cardiovascular morphogenesis. These interactions are increasingly being recognized as important as the influences of mechanical forces become better understood. Embryonic hemodynamics are characterized by unique flow regimes and necessitate the introduction of fluid mechanics concepts into our understanding of cardiovascular development. The key elements associated with hemodynamic forces, such as the flow-sensing mechanism and flow responsive genes, are now beginning to be identified and quantified. This provides a quantitative understanding of the sensitivity and the range of response of endothelial cells to flow forces during development. More generally, many of these advances have benefited from the use of animal models that have provided unprecedented experimental approaches, particularly live imaging. For example, advances based upon studies of tissue morphogenesis in Dosophilamelanogaster, c. elegant, zebrafish, and chicken have demonstrated how mechanical forces couple with development and provide a framework for understanding development at the cellular scale [28]. Enabled by these models and technologies, new concepts integrating gene networks, cell mechanics, and mechanical forces are currently emerging. Particular progress has been made in understanding cardiovascular development [21], in particular that of heart valves [64, 71], trabeculae [68], and blood vessels [23, 29]. In this review, we discuss recent advances in cardiovascular biomechanics and its role in cardiovascular development, with an emphasis on the potential impact of the different feedback loops between forces and genetics recently uncovered in the process. Throughout the review, we explain why flow mechanics itself represents an essential aspect of this coupling.