Discuss the recent development in the field of mis.
Answers
What do you mean by mis? Since the question is incomplete, I'm going to show you the recent developments in the field of biology.
Human genome, biology breakthroughsBiology studies every living thing in the universe, from the simplest and smallest single-celled organisms to the complexity of the human brain. For this reason, breakthroughs in biology have a huge impact on our world. The science of biology shapes everything from agriculture to psychology. And like most sciences, biology is rapidly advancing due to advances in technology, which are changing the field forever.
In the past 25 years, we’ve seen some amazing things. In this article, we’re going to explore the latest and greatest discoveries. The following five biology breakthroughs are some of the most groundbreaking from the past few decades.
Groundbreaking Biology Discoveries & Breakthroughs
1. RNA Interference Discovered
In the early 1990s, biologists started getting some odd results when trying to manipulate gene expression. The most striking example of this was in a study about petunias. Plant biologists were trying to intensify the red color on the flower petals by introducing a gene that induced the formation of a red pigment, but were surprised to discover that their efforts turned the flower entirely white.
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A series of experiments published by the pair in 1998 revealed that gene expression is controlled by a phenomenon called RNA interference. This process defends against viruses that try to insert themselves into DNA, and controls gene expression. This discovery was awarded a Nobel Prize in 2006 and has directly led to research on “silence genes” that cause problems for the body, such as the gene causing high blood pressure, so that genetic diseases can be treated more easily.
2. Dolly the Sheep Becomes the First Adult Mammal Cloned
In 1996, scientists cloned a female domestic sheep using adult somatic cells from the mammary glands through the process of nuclear transfer. The resulting sheep, Dolly, matured and reproduced naturally. Dolly was a significant biological breakthrough, because she demonstrated not only that a full, separate embryo with properly expressed cells of all types could be cloned from a cell taken from a specific part of the body, but also that the cell could come from a fully developed adult.
Since Dolly, other animals have been cloned, including pigs, deer, horses, and bulls. Scientists have even been able to attempt cloning recently extinct animals in an attempt to save endangered and newly extinct species by resurrecting them from frozen tissue. Most notably, researchers in Spain cloned a Pyrenean ibex, a form of wild mountain goat, which was officially declared extinct in 2000. Dolly and cloning in general have been a controversial branch of science since the 1990s and its ethics are debated by some to this day.
3. Human Genome Mapped
In 2000, scientists from across the world finished a rough draft of the map of the human genome. The final version was realized in 2003. This biological breakthrough was a difficult accomplishment to reach. It took more than 10 years and contributions from hundreds of scientists.
The Human Genome Project reveals in intricate detail exactly what it is that makes us human, showing the placement of every chromosome that contains all the genetic material that makes us who we are. With the information from individual genome maps, scientists can not only discover genetic diseases better, but also uncover new clues about everything from a person’s body odor to that person’s tendencies towards addiction.
4. Stem Cells Created from Mature Skin Cells
In 2007, two separate teams of scientists from Kyoto University and the University of Wisconsin-Madison reverted adult skin cells, so that they could act like pluripotent stem cells. Pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into nearly all cells and were previously only found in embryonic stem cells. This new process of creating induced pluripotent stem cells from mature cells changed the “programming” of the cells telling them to become skin in favor of acting like embryonic stem cells that could end up being virtually any kind of cell.
5. Robotic Limbs Fully Controlled by the Brain
In 2014, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the first prosthesis controlled by neural signals from the wearer’s brain for use by the general public. This is the culmination of almost two decades of biomedical research. In 2000, researchers at Duke University Medical Center implanted electrodes in monkeys’ brains to control a robotic arm and pick up food. By 2004, a noninvasive method of picking up brainwaves was developed and being used to control biomedical devices.