Question

Discuss the relationship between tribe and caste in india with examples

Answer 1

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There are no specific criteria by which we may distinguish a tribe

from a caste. In broad terms, a tribe is defined as “a community

occupying a common geographic area and having a similar language and

culture or be­liefs and practices”

Nadel has described tribe as “a society with a linguistic, cultural and

political boundary”. But there are many tribal societies which lack

government and the centralised author­ity in the ordinary sense of the

term. Likewise, cultural homogeneity in a tribe is also elusive in this

age.

Scholars like G.S. Ghurye, T.B. Naik, F.G. Bailey and Verrier

Elwin have used different criteria like religion, geographical

isolation, language, economic backwardness, and political organisation

for distinguishing caste from tribe.

On the basis of religion, it

is said that the religion of tribals is Ani­mism and that of the people

with caste system is Hinduism. Hutton (1963) and Bailey (1960:263)

believe that tribals are not Hindus but are animists. The basic

characteristics of animism are the beliefs that all ani­mate and

inanimate objects are permanently or temporarily inhabited by spirits;

all activities are caused by these spirits; spirits have power over the

lives of men; men can be possessed by spirits; and they can be

influenced by magic.

On the other hand, the chief characteristics

of Hinduism are dharma, bhakti, karma and rebirth. It will be wrong to

say that the Hin­dus, particularly the lower caste Hindus, do not

believe in spirits and ghosts or in magic and possession.

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