discuss the rise and growth of sociology with special reference to its background in western thought.
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The rise of sociology
1. In this lecture I want to talk about three things: the rise of sociology, the origins of Marxism and the development of the workers as a political movement.
2. When historians and scientists in the 18th century started to think about the future, this was a new thing to do. Up to then, people looked backwards, not forwards. The great days of Europe had been during the empires of Athens and Rome, two thousand years before, and it was not until the 16th century Renaissance that learning, science and art in Europe returned to the same level as the Roman period. But by the end of the 18th century, three important things had happened: the French and American revolutions and the start of the industrial revolution in England. Scholars now began to think about what might happen in future, now that politics and technology seemed to be changing fast.
3. Particularly important were four French scholars, Turgot, Condorcet, Saint-Simon, and Comte. Turgot began to lecture on the advance of the human mind at the Sorbonne, the university in Paris in the 1750s. At that time social science was dominated by economists, who tended to think that human society developed according to "natural" laws. Turgot argued that what people did and thought made a difference to what would happen in future, and the separation he made between the natural and social sciences has lasted ever since.
4. Condorcet was important as one of the earliest people to outline a series of stages through which human society had developed, something which Marx also did later on. Saint-Simon was important because he was one of the first people to realize the importance of industrial society -- when he wrote the industrial revolution had not gone very far. He also thought that the scientists would be the rulers of the future, instead of the aristocrats. He believed that society would develop through the policies adopted by leaders, not because of the laws of the market. His ideas looked forward to those of the planned economies of the 20th century. Finally, Comte expanded many of Saint-Simon's ideas, and also invented the name "sociology".
5. Other writers in the 19th century began to describe things and processes which have remained important in modern sociology, such as the movement of people to the towns, the nature of urban society, the rapid population growth which started with the industrial revolution, and the disappearance of rural communities. However, much of the description of the industrial towns and cities was not so much social science as journalism written by people who were angry at what they saw. Even Engels' famous account of Manchester in 1844 was very one-sided, but it was important because it provided much of the information on capitalism which Marx used in his own work. Engels described in great detail the living, housing and working conditions of the English proletariat at during one of the worst periods of economic crisis in the 19th century. The housing of the poor was very bad and very crowded, and the working conditions in the factories were very severe. Levels of mortality and disease