Discuss the role of respiratory system, phonatory system,and articular system in the production of speech
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Speech, a form of human communication, is produced by three groups of organs working together: respiratory, phonatory and articulatory. The dominant elements of the respiratory system [1] are the lungs, the chest wall and the diaphragm. Working together, they provide the mechanical energy in form of air pressure, the aerodynamic energy of the speech (Kent & Read 2) needed to produce sound in the larynx. The tongue, the lips, the jaw and the velum, the articulatory elements of the speech organs, modify the properties of created sounds. The extent of modification depends on several factors, including the position of articulatory organs, the intensity of sound (pressure), physical properties of the tissues, etc. The larynx is the place of phonation.
The respiratory system [2] is located in the chest (thorax) – a cavity, created by rib cage and the muscles. The ribs are posteriorly connected to the vertebral column, and anteriorly to the sternum (breast-bone). This thoracic cavity is on its top limited by the shoulder blades (scapuae), and on the bottom by the diaphragm. The lungs are located within the thoracic cavity: they are a cone-shaped organ, made of sponge-like matter, consisting of many bronchioles that branch into numerous alveoli. The lungs and the inward surface of the cage are connected with pleural linkage, a fluid-like matter that makes possible for the lungs to expand or shrink simultaneously with the cavity. The lungs act as bellows (Crystal 20): after the chest muscles flex, the pressure inside the lungs increases, which forces air to exit; in reverse, by lowering the diaphragm or flexing the rib muscles, the pressure inside the lungs decreases, which forces the air to enter the respiratory system.
The respiratory system [2] is located in the chest (thorax) – a cavity, created by rib cage and the muscles. The ribs are posteriorly connected to the vertebral column, and anteriorly to the sternum (breast-bone). This thoracic cavity is on its top limited by the shoulder blades (scapuae), and on the bottom by the diaphragm. The lungs are located within the thoracic cavity: they are a cone-shaped organ, made of sponge-like matter, consisting of many bronchioles that branch into numerous alveoli. The lungs and the inward surface of the cage are connected with pleural linkage, a fluid-like matter that makes possible for the lungs to expand or shrink simultaneously with the cavity. The lungs act as bellows (Crystal 20): after the chest muscles flex, the pressure inside the lungs increases, which forces air to exit; in reverse, by lowering the diaphragm or flexing the rib muscles, the pressure inside the lungs decreases, which forces the air to enter the respiratory system.
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