Discuss the role of Visual allegory for the rise of Nationalism.
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Answers
Explanation:
Today, we all live in a democratic nation and believe in Nationalism. But do we know the meaning of nationalism? From where did this concept come into existence? How it is related to Europe and what was the dream of the Europeans? All this will be answered in this chapter.
To begin with, we should first discuss the painting made by Frederic Sorrieu in 1848. The French artist had prepared four prints visualizing his dream of a world made up of democratic and social Republic. The painting which we are going to discuss is one of the four prints made by Sorrieu.

(Source: NCERT)
The painting shows men and women from different ages and social groups marching in a long queue and giving honor to the Statue of Liberty. The painting describes statue of Liberty as a female figure having torch of enlightenment in one hand and charter of man’s right in other hand. The statue is a female figure because liberty was defined as a female figure by various French artists. He has shown shattered remains of absolutist institutions on the ground. Absolutist means a form of rule or government where the power is concentrated in the hands of a one person. In his utopian vision (vision of an ideal society that is unlikely to actually exist) he has described a group of people from different nations walking together towards statue of Liberty. The distinction can be easily felt as one can see people with different flags and different types of costumes worn by them. Ways past the statue of Liberty are the United States and Switzerland which were already nation- states by then. Then comes France, with its tricolor flag and she is followed by Germany. Germany was not a nation when this painting was made but as it was a dream of Sorrieu so he painted various countries that are part of this dream painting such as Austria, Two Sicilies, Lombardy, Poland, England, Ireland, Hungary and Russia. He has also painted Christ, saints and angels who are gazing the scene from heavens. This has been done to depict the fraternity. This chapter will deal with various issues that were visualized by Sorrieu in his painting.
During the nineteenth century nationalism grew as a strong force that brought various political changes in Europe. The final result of these changes was the coming up of the nation-state in place of the multinational dynastic empires of Europe.
1. The French Revolution and the idea of the Nation
It was France from where the concept of nationalism came into existence for the first time, with the French Revolution in 1789. Before this, France was a territorial state. This means that it was ruled by an absolute monarchy. The word absolute means a rule where the whole power is concentrated in the hands of a ruler or a monarch. The French revolution brought the concept of nation and nationalism in France.
The main aim was to form a nation where there will be a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. For this the French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective identity among the French citizens. Some of the measures taken by the revolutionaries are as follows:
The royal flag was replaced by a new tricolor flag.
The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
New hymns were composed, oaths were taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation.
A centralized administrative system was put in place.
Uniform laws for all citizens were formulated.
Internal customs duties and dues were abolished.
Uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
French was considered as a common language of the nation.
Not only this, the French revolutionaries made it their mission to spread the idea of nationalism and to help Europeans liberate themselves from dictatorship.
Setting up of Jacobin Clubs
Soon the news about French revolution spread to various cities of Europe, students and other members of educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin clubs. Jacobins were those revolutionaries who aimed to establish a republic in their country by ending the King’s rule. The activities and campaigns of these clubs allowed the French armies to move into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s..
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Answer:
This paper examines the cultural crisis in Indian society generated by nationalist struggle for freedom from colonial rule and the ambivalent encounter with modernity. Allegory, as a mode that flourishs ‘at times of intense cultural disruption’, surfaces as the appropriate from that the representation of cultural crisis takes in an important film from the '3os—Sant Tukaram. I argue against both an idea of allegory as a mode specific to Western cultures, or as one that is a quintessential Third World form I demonstrate that the allegorical manifests itself through modes that are figural, typological and fabulistic. The question of national allegory, then, needs to be examined both in terms of these modes as well as the discourses of nationalism that may imbue a text. As a mode of language, particularly suited to negotiating cultural change or dealing with the ineffable or the inexplicable, allegory is available to any society for representation.
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