Question

discuss the roles of individual and state in safeguarding human health from ill effects of modernization ​

Answer 1

Answer:

Human health and well-being are intimately linked to the state of the environment. Good quality natural environments can provide multiple benefits to physical, mental and social well-being. However, environmental degradation — such as that caused by air and water pollution, noise, radiation, chemicals or biological agents — can have negative effects on health.

Despite substantial improvements in recent decades, environmental health challenges remain considerable. In addition to established problems — such as air pollution, water pollution and noise — new health issues are emerging. These are associated with long-term environmental and socio-economic trends, lifestyle and consumption changes, and the rapid uptake of new chemicals and technologies. Furthermore, the unequal distribution of environmental and socio-economic conditions contribute to pervasive health inequalities (WHO, 2012; EEA/JRC, 2013).

Answer 2

Answer:

Health and development are intimately interconnected. Both

insufficient development leading to poverty and inappropriate

development resulting in overconsumption, coupled with an expanding

world population, can result in severe environmental health problems in

both developing and developed nations. Action items under Agenda 21

must address the primary health needs of the world's population, since

they are integral to the achievement of the goals of sustainable

development and primary environmental care. The linkage of health,

environmental and socio-economic improvements requires intersectoral

efforts. Such efforts, involving education, housing, public works and

community groups, including businesses, schools and universities and

religious, civic and cultural organizations, are aimed at enabling

people in their communities to ensure sustainable development.

Particularly relevant is the inclusion of prevention programmes rather

than relying solely on remediation and treatment. Countries ought to

develop plans for priority actions, drawing on the programme areas in

this chapter, which are based on cooperative planning by the various

levels of government, non-governmental organizations and local

communities. An appropriate international organization, such as WHO,

should coordinate these activities.