Question

discuss the various approaches to study of the nature of indian state?​

Answer 1

Approaches to the Study of Indian Politics and Nature of the State in India: Liberal, Marxist, and Gandhian

Introduction

One of the most ancient spheres of intellectual enquiry, politics was originally seen as an arm of philosophy, history and law. Its central purpose was to uncover the principles upon which human society should be based. From the late nineteenth century onwards, however, this philosophical emphasis was gradually displaced by an attempt to turn politics into a scientific discipline. The high point of this development was reached in the 1950s and 1960s, with an open rejection of the earlier tradition as meaningless metaphysics. Since then, however, enthusiasm for a strict science of politics has waned, and there has been a renewed ..

Answer 2

To understand the nature of state like India, we have to study at least 3 approaches i.e. liberal, Marxist and Gandhian.

Explanation:

Liberal Approach:

• The liberal theoreticians argue the state is an entity and above society. State focuses on democratic processes and political institutions. Pluralist panelists suggest the state is focused on the creation of the individuals who make up society and have power.
• State exercises the authority to conduct general matters. The structure of government and society is different in the political context. State made up of society.  However, liberal theorists emphasised that the political force was primary and autonomous and asserted state autonomy. From two points of view, you see state. These are political economy& political institutional

Marxist Approach

• According to Marxism society is an organ in the hands of the capitalist/ruling class that controls the economic powerful class. The capitalist/ruling class "owns & controls" the production means.
• In India, the left parties such as CPM & CPI  hold the ideology of communism & Marxism. According to them “landlord bourgeois state” in which bourgeois was the leading force. In the start, communist parties said that the Indian state's nature was based on its concept of transition of power.
• Prior to 1950, Indian communist described the Indian states as a semi-feudal & semi-colonial entity. In 1956, CPI again defined the Indian state as “landlord bourgeois state” wherein the bourgeois was the "leading force". To Marxists, the dynamics of class creation, social structure and class struggle are fundamental elements for an interpretation of the limits on the state and bourgeois transition.
• Although  their perception differs, the specificities of its relationship to colonialism occupy centre stage. Examination of the state is described both in regarding the long term "structural compulsions" of the economy in the "international capitalist system" & its division of labour & also the coalition dynamics and the shifting balance in the class coalitions that dominates the state.

Ghandian Approach

• Gandhi was a non-violence activist or ahimsa who opposed all kinds of intimidation. He assumed the State was a form of coercion-based force and law. State is likely to enforce its own will on people through an extensive police force, criminal courts, jails, and military control machinery.
• This suppresses the personality of an individual as it tries to put all individuals into an even mold. His sense of self-reliance is lost and his personality stunted. It deprives him of his rights, and obstructs human society's advancement. Gandhi noted that modern state was more powerful than medieval & ancient states as it was more organised  more centralised in the hands of the few who won't hesitate to abuse it.
• According to Gandhiji, person is born with soul, but state is machine that is soulless. Acts of States are incapable of empathy to man. State adheres to rules and regulations. Those who impose those rules know no moral accountability  at all. Gandhi 's idea of state was premised upon the Indian moral values tradition and state ethical basis.
• He stressed that the decentralisation of power would impede the individual rights. Villages are real fundamental component of democracy. Thus, the decentralised governance structure begins at village level. Gandhi has advocated a self-regulated governance structure with collaboration as the Bottom line for community activities. He wasn't supporting state coercion.

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