DISCUSS THE VARIOUS FORMS THAT NON COOPERATION ON MOVEME
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NON - COOPERATION MOVEMENT (1920-1922)
Angered by the rigid attitude of the British, the Congress decided to start a Non - Cooperation Movement under the leadership of Gandhiji. The movement aimed at protesting against British repression in Punjab (the ' Punjab Wrongs') and their policy towards Turkey. It was also for the attainment of self - government.
START OF THE MOVEMENT :
The movement was to be launched in stages. It started with the giving up of honorary titles received by Indians by the government. Gandhiji gave up the title of 'Kaiser-i-Hind'. This was followed by the boycott of schools and colleges, legislature , law courts , and elections to the legislature. People were asked not to work and not to cooperate with the government in any manner. Foreign clothes were burnt in public bonfires and strikes were organized at many places.
CONSTRUCTIVE PROGRAMME :
Along with boycott and non - cooperation, a constructive programme was also launched. It included the -
* popularisation of charkha and khadi,
* promotion of Hindu -Muslim unity,
* abolition of untouchability, and
* spread of education.
The movement was a success. Thousands of people willingly went to jail. At the Congress session at Ahmedabad in 1921, it was decided that the last stage of the movement would emphasize non - payment of taxes, thereby defying the right of the British to rule over India. The plan, however, could not be implemented due to the unfortunate incident at Chauri Chaura.
WITHDRAWL OF THE MOVEMENT :
Chauri Chaura was a small village in Uttar Pradesh. On 5 February 1922 , a crowd of peasants was leading a protest march through the village. The police beat a volunteer picketing shops. This agitated the peasants and they set fire to the police station. Twenty two policemen died. Mahatama Gandhi was strictly against any violence and he immediately withdrew the movement.
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Kalam was elected as the 11th President of India in 2002 with the support of both the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party and the then-opposition Indian National Congress. Widely referred to as the "People's President",[6] he returned to his civilian life of education, writing and public service after a single term. He was a recipient of several prestigious awards, including the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.
While delivering a lecture at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong, Kalam collapsed and died from an apparent cardiac arrest on 27 July 2015, aged 83.[7] Thousands including national-level dignitaries attended the funeral ceremony held in his hometown of Rameshwaram, where he was buried with full state honours.