Discuss with examples the influence of volcanism and diastrophism on the evolution of landscape
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Vulcanism and diastrophism are two endogenic processes of geomorphology. Diastrophism covers movement of solid (plastic) crust material, as opposed to movement of molten material which is covered by volcanism. These forces derive their energy from changes such as radioactivity, chemical recombination, expansion or contraction or displacement of molten materials which Occurs in the interior of the earth. These processes creates, modify and continuosly affect the landscape of the earth. A volcano is a place where gases, ashes and/or molten rock material - magma/ lava escape to the ground. in this process, molten rock material called magma in asthenoshere find their way to the surface where it is called as lava. The way a volcano erupts and the materials that make up the magma and lava of a particular volcano have a lot to do with the formation of the volcanic landforms, such as craters, calderas, lava domes and lava plateaus. eg. if magma seeps through cracks in the ocean floor, the lava hardens, helping to build underwater mountains and new segments of ocean floor. Some of the landforms associated with volcanism are: -> Craters: crater is a bowl-shaped depression at the top of a volcano caused by past volcanic eruptions. A volcanic crater is relatively small, usually spanning about a half a mile in diameter or less, and can fill with water to form a crater lake. -> Caldera: If a volcanic eruption causes the magma chamber to empty, the volcano can implode, forming a larger depression known as a caldera. eg. yellostone caldera. -> Volcanic domes: Volcanic Domes result from the extrusion of highly viscous, gas poor andesitic and rhyolitic lava. Since the viscosity is so high, the lava does not flow away from the vent, but instead piles up over the vent. -> Basalt platue: Basalt platue is formed due to outpouring of extremely large volume of low viscosity basaltic magma from fissure vents. The basalts spread huge areas of relatively low slope and build up plateaus. eg. Deccan platue, columbian platue. Other landforms associated with vulcanism are Batholiths, Lacoliths, sills, dykes, hotspring, geysers etc. Processes that move, elevate or built up portions of earth's crust are called diastrophiosm. Diastrophic forces operate very slowly and their effects become discernible after thousands and millions of years. These forces are also termed as constructive forces, affect large areas of earth and produce meso-level reliefs such as mountains, Plains, Plateaus, lakes, big faults etc. It include: i) Orogenic processes: Mountain building through severe folding and affecting long and narrow belt of earth's crust. These processes acts tangencially and may be divergent or convergent. ii) Epirogenic processes: Uplift or wrapping of large parts of earth's crust or emergence/submergence of crust. iii) Earthquakes involving local and relatively minor movements
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Vulcanism and diastrophism are two endogenic processes of geomorphology. Diastrophism covers movement of solid (plastic) crust material, as opposed to movement of molten material which is covered by volcanism. These forces derive their energy from changes such as radioactivity, chemical recombination, expansion or contraction or displacement of molten materials which Occurs in the interior of the earth. These processes creates, modify and continuosly affect the landscape of the earth. A volcano is a place where gases, ashes and/or molten rock material - magma/ lava escape to the ground. in this process, molten rock material called magma in asthenoshere find their way to the surface where it is called as lava. The way a volcano erupts and the materials that make up the magma and lava of a particular volcano have a lot to do with the formation of the volcanic landforms, such as craters, calderas, lava domes and lava plateaus. eg. if magma seeps through cracks in the ocean floor, the lava hardens, helping to build underwater mountains and new segments of ocean floor. Some of the landforms associated with volcanism are: -> Craters: crater is a bowl-shaped depression at the top of a volcano caused by past volcanic eruptions. A volcanic crater is relatively small, usually spanning about a half a mile in diameter or less, and can fill with water to form a crater lake. -> Caldera: If a volcanic eruption causes the magma chamber to empty, the volcano can implode, forming a larger depression known as a caldera. eg. yellostone caldera. -> Volcanic domes: Volcanic Domes result from the extrusion of highly viscous, gas poor andesitic and rhyolitic lava. Since the viscosity is so high, the lava does not flow away from the vent, but instead piles up over the vent. -> Basalt platue: Basalt platue is formed due to outpouring of extremely large volume of low viscosity basaltic magma from fissure vents. The basalts spread huge areas of relatively low slope and build up plateaus. eg. Deccan platue, columbian platue. Other landforms associated with vulcanism are Batholiths, Lacoliths, sills, dykes, hotspring, geysers etc. Processes that move, elevate or built up portions of earth's crust are called diastrophiosm. Diastrophic forces operate very slowly and their effects become discernible after thousands and millions of years. These forces are also termed as constructive forces, affect large areas of earth and produce meso-level reliefs such as mountains, Plains, Plateaus, lakes, big faults etc. It include: i) Orogenic processes: Mountain building through severe folding and affecting long and narrow belt of earth's crust. These processes acts tangencially and may be divergent or convergent. ii) Epirogenic processes: Uplift or wrapping of large parts of earth's crust or emergence/submergence of crust. iii) Earthquakes involving local and relatively minor movements
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