disorganized form of nucleus in monera
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Answer:
Individuals are single-celled, may or may not move, have a cell wall, have no chloroplasts or other organelles, and have no nucleus.
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Answer:
Hepatotoxic Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae).
Cyanobacteria are classified in the kingdom Monera, phylum Cyanobacteria; are considered to be more closely related to bacteria; and are no longer considered members of the plant family. Several genera of cyanobacteria, including Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Microcystis, and Nodularia, can cause lethal poisoning of livestock and less commonly small animals such as dogs and cats. Cyanobacterial (algal) blooms usually occur in late summer or early fall because of the warm temperatures, long hours of sunlight, and abundance of essential nutrients. Dead and dying cyanobacteria, which contain preformed toxins such as microcystin LR, a cyclic heptapeptide, accumulate on the surface of bodies of water and are ingested by livestock. Secondary bacterial growth in dying algae may contribute to toxin formation. Microcystin binds to protein phosphatases 1 and 2A causing hyperphosphorylation of cytoskeletal proteins, redistribution of actin filament, and ultimately cytoskeletal collapse and cell death. Signs develop rapidly and include diarrhea, prostration, and death. Gross lesions include hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and a red, swollen, hemorrhagic liver. Histologically, centrilobular, or even massive, hepatic necrosis and hemorrhage are evident. Animals that survive the acute manifestations may develop clinical signs of chronic liver disease. Other preformed toxins that affect different organ systems, including the nervous system, have also been identified in cyanobacteria.
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