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Differences Between Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia
Ancient Egypt had a different political structure from Mesopotamia. In ancient Egypt, the Pharaoh was considered to be the representative of the gods on earth. The citizens of ancient Egypt believed that their Pharaoh was a god, and refrained from looking directly at his face even when addressed by him (Richards & Van Buren, 2000). The majority of noblemen who were appointed to significant positions in ancient Egypt were related to the Pharaoh. Upon his death, only a son of the Pharaoh could succeed him. In ancient Mesopotamia, society consisted of self-governing regional states for ten centuries before Sargon the Great was proclaimed as king in 2370 BCE (Brisch et al., 2008). The citizens of Mesopotamia, however, did not consider the king or his successors to be divine. In Mesopotamia, most of the scribes were the members of noble families and not related to ruling kings.
Another major difference between ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia has to do with religion and culture. In Mesopotamia, women could get permits to participate in trade, and even managed property. However, there were rules enshrined in the Code of Hammurabi which prevented them from inheriting property once their husbands died (Suter & Croddy, 1983). In ancient Egypt, though, women were allowed to take over a third of their husbands’ properties when they became widows. Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia had highly evolved cultures which supported the development of writing styles and languages.
In Mesopotamia, the Sumerians developed the writing system known as cuneiform to facilitate the preservation of records (Richards & Van Buren, 2000). Cuneiform, which was expressed through pie shapes, was written in clay tablets which would then be exposed to the sun to dry. In ancient Egypt, the scribes used hieroglyphics to express ideas and concepts. This language had alphabetic elements as well as logos (Richards & Van Buren, 2000).