distinguish between hereditary disease and acquired disease.
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Answers
Answer:
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Explanation:
Family history has been long recognized as an important factor in risk assessment for life insurance. There are numerous examples of diseases that have very high correlation with family history, based upon the genetic nature of the disease. Those include autosomal (dominant and recessive) disorders and those that are associated with mutations on the X chromosome. These latter are referred to as X-linked diseases and can be dominant (rare) and recessive.
Autosomal dominant diseases include Huntington’s disease and polycystic kidney disease. In these cases, only one altered gene is necessary for the disease to be transmitted from parent to child. Thus, if one of the individual’s parents has an autosomal dominant disease, each child has a one-in-two chance of inheriting it.
Autosomal recessive disorders require mutations in both genes, and an individual must inherit the alteration from both parents. In these cases, there is a one-in-four chance of passing the disorder to the child. In addition, it is likely that neither parent will exhibit the disease. Examples include sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis.
Finally, for the X-linked disorders, the abnormality is on the X-chromosome. For the recessive disorders, such as hemophilia and Duchesne muscular dystrophy, a male has a 50 percent chance of inheriting the disorder from his mother who is a carrier; he cannot inherit the disease if the father is the carrier. For a female to inherit the disorder, both mother and father must be carriers (with some rare exceptions).
More commonly, diseases fall under the category of polygenic disorders. While these disorders are not completely inherited, there may be a slight familial inheritance. A significant risk factor in such disorders is a family history of disease. However, these diseases are also influenced by environmental factors, such as diet and exposure to toxic materials (e.g., tobacco smoke, asbestos). Examples of these multi-factorial diseases include coronary artery disease, diabetes, breast cancer, obesity and autoimmune diseases. While in some of these disorders family history is the most significant risk factor, in others it is only a minor contributor to the risk.