Question

Distinguish between method of charging friction,conduction and induction

Answer 1

There are two methods through which charge transfer can take place between two bodies.

Charging by Conduction

Charging by Induction

Charge transfer by Conduction

The charge transfer by conduction process involves touching of a charged particle to a conductive material. This way the charges are transferred from the charged material to the conductor. This method is useful for charging conductors.

Charge transfer by conduction using a negatively charged object

As we know like charges repel each other and spread about as far as possible in order to reduce this repulsion. In doing so, the electrons (negatively charged) go to the extreme of the perimeter of the sphere and if there is a pathway to another object where the electrons can go, the electrons tend to move from one object to another. Let us consider a negatively charged metal sphere as shown in the figure. When the charged metal sphere comes in contact with a neutral object, excess electrons from the sphere move onto the neutral object and get spread evenly. As a result of this process the object 2 acquires negative charge while the metal sphere is still charged but has less number of electrons. This process of charging by contact is termed as charging by conduction. In this section we dealt with the transfer of charge using a negatively charged object. This charge transfer can also take place with a positively charged object which we will learn about in the next section.

Charge transfer by conduction using a positively charged object

As we know, a positively charged sphere has an excess of protons which in other terms means a deficit of electrons. Let us consider two objects one positively charged metal plate and a neutral metal sphere. When a positively charged metal plate comes in contact with a neutral metal sphere, the electrons from the neutral sphere get attracted towards the positively charged metal plate. This process lasts until the positive charge in the metal plate becomes redistributed. Having lost electrons to the positively charged plate, the neutral sphere experiences a deficit of electrons which makes it positively charged while the positively charged metal plate is still charged but the deficit of electron is comparatively less than before. This process of charge transfer is defined as the charge transfer using a positively charged object.

In the above example we learnt about charge transfer through the process of conduction using a positively or a negatively charged object. Charge transfer can also take place through the process of induction.

Charge transfer by Induction

Induced Charge Separation: is a shift in the position of electrons in a neutral object that occurs when a charged object is brought near it. Charging by Induction: is the charging of a neutral object by bringing another charged object close to; but not touching, the neutral object.
Charging More Than One Object by Induction A positively charged object can be used to induce a charge in a neutral object. You can also use two objects at the same time to permanently charge the objects. In sphere A, the electrons are attracted by the positive charge on the balloon. The electrons the balloon draw electrons in sphere A to the left side. The right side of the sphere becomes negatively charged. Electrons in sphere B are attracted to sphere A and are transferred. Keep the balloon in place and remove sphere B from sphere A, makes sphere B permanently charged positively. Electrons are unable to move back. Remove the balloon form sphere A allows the electrons to spread throughout the sphere, yet it is still negatively charged



Charge transfer by induction using a positively charged object

In this section, we shall learn about the charge transfer through the process of induction using a positively charged object. Taking two spheres A and B, touching each other, as shown in the figure, if we bring a positively charged balloon near sphere A, the electrons from sphere B migrate towards sphere A due to the attraction between opposite charges, thus leaving the sphere B deficit of electrons. As a result, the sphere A gets negatively charges and the sphere B gets positively charged. The spheres are then separated using an insulating cover, a stand or gloves. When the balloon is removed, the charges in sphere A and B redistribute, spreading out evenly.