Question

Distinguish between Transcription and Translation.​

Answer 1

Answer:

The translation is the process of protein synthesis where the information on RNA is expressed in the form of polypeptide chains. Transcription is the first step in gene expression. The translation is the second and final step of gene expression. Transcription occurs before translation

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Answer 2

Answer:

Definition

• Transcription is the process where the genetic information on a DNA strand is transferred into an RNA strand by a series of polymerization reactions catalyzed by enzymes called DNA-dependent RNA polymerases.

• The translation is the process of protein synthesis where the information on RNA is expressed in the form of polypeptide chains.

Gene expression

• Transcription is the first step in gene expression.

• The translation is the second and final step of gene expression.

Occurs

• Transcription occurs before translation.

• Translation occurs after transcription.

Precursor

• The precursor of transcription is the non-coding or antisense DNA strand.

• The precursor of translation is the mRNA produced from transcription.

Raw material

• The raw material of transcription is the four base pairs of RNA; adenine, guanine, uracil, and cytosine.

• The twenty amino acids are the raw materials of translation.

Initiation

• The recognition of specific DNA sequences termed promoter sequences initiates transcription that signifies the beginning of the gene.

• The binding of mRNA initiates the translation to the ribosomes.

Elongation

• The elongation of RNA sequences occurs by the binding of complementary base pairs to the new sequence.

• The elongation of protein occurs by the binding of amino acids.

Product

• The product of transcription is the mRNA molecule which is complementary to the DNA strand.

• The product of translation is the peptide sequences encoded from the mRNA sequence.

Synthesis of

• Transcription results in the synthesis of RNA sequences.

• Translation results in the synthesis of proteins.

SiteTranscription

• Occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes, where the enzymes and regulation factors are present.

• Translation occurs in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes and in the ribosomes on the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes.

Enzymes

• The major enzymes that are responsible for transcription are DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

• The major enzyme that is responsible for translation is aminoacetyl tRNA synthetase.

Regulation

• Transcription is regulated by various transcriptional factors in eukaryotes and by operons in prokaryotes.

• Translational control is mainly brought out by the binding of ribosomal units to the translation complex.

Post-event modifications

• Post-transcriptional modifications include the editing of pre-mRNA (the result of transcription) by the process of splicing before the mature mRNA reaches ribosomes for translation

• Post-translational modifications involve the folding of polypeptide chains to obtain the three-dimensional configuration.

Detection

• The process can be detected by methods like RT-PCR, DNA microarray, in-situ hybridization, and northern blotting.

• Similarly, the process of translation can be detected by methods like western blotting, immunoblotting, enzyme assay, Protein sequencing, etc.

Inhibition

• It is inhibited by some antibiotics like rifampicin and 8-Hydroxyquinoline.

• The translation is inhibited by antibiotics like tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, erythromycin, anisomycin, cycloheximide, etc.