Do birds and insects damage the flowers while sucking the nectar ? Justify your answer.
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, 2001), and other omnivorous vertebrates use nectar, particularly from flowers, for example, gray-mouse lemurs (Joly-Radko and
. Adult Ithomiine butterflies in South America have a requirement for pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which are used for pheromone production. This can be met by sucking withered borage leaves but also in part by collecting nectar from the flowers of those Eupatorium species which secrete these alkaloids in their nectar (see Chapter 3, Section VI).
Figure 1. Graphical representation of optimal departure rule.
We can view foraging behavior as the outcomes of a set of decisions. As described earlier, an animal can decide whether to stay in a patch or leave it. Foraging animals make many other types of decisions, of course. For example, they decide what types of food to eat; and they decide where and when to search for food. These decisions result in the foraging behavior that we observe.
We can understand these behavioral decisions if we can explain and predict them in terms of underlying processes, and our understanding will be greater the more quantitative (rather than qualitative) we can be in matching predictions and observations. We might, for example, assume that an animal can determine its average energy yields and its handling times associated with consuming various potential food types when encountered, as well as the average time it spends between successive food items. Then, based on our own measurements of these variables, we could predict which food types a forager should include in its diet. The extent to which our observations match our predictions would indicate how well we understand the forager’s dietary decisions. Optimal foraging theory seeks to understand foraging behavior in this way.
At the most fundamental level, optimal foraging theory assumes that foraging decisions have evolved, and, consequently that the fitness associated with the foraging behavior of an individual animal has been maximized; hence, the underlying processes are ‘optimal.’ We can
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