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Draw and describe the structure of a flagella. Write in brief about the hydrostatic
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movement of annelida.
Answers
Flagella Structure
The flagella is a helical structure composed of flagellin protein. The flagella structure is divided into three parts:
Basal body
Hook
Filament
Basal Body
It is attached to the cell membrane and cytoplasmic membrane.
It consists of rings surrounded by a pair of proteins called Mot. The rings include:
L-ring: Outer ring anchored in lipopolysaccharide layer and found in gram +ve bacteria.
P-ring: Anchored in the peptidoglycan layer.
C-ring: Anchored in the cytoplasm
M-S ring: Anchored in the cytoplasmic membrane
Hook
It is a broader area present at the base of the filament.
Connects filament to the motor protein in the base.
The hook length is greater in gram +ve bacteria.
Filament
Thin hair-like structure arising from the hook.
Also Read: Difference between cilia and flagella.
hydrostatic
Fluid statics or hydrostatics is the branch of fluid mechanics that studies "fluids at rest and the pressure in a fluid or exerted by a fluid on an immersed body".[1]
It encompasses the study of the conditions under which fluids are at rest in stable equilibrium as opposed to fluid dynamics, the study of fluids in motion. Hydrostatics are categorized as a part of the fluid statics, which is the study of all fluids, incompressible or not, at rest.
Hydrostatics is fundamental to hydraulics, the engineering of equipment for storing, transporting and using fluids. It is also relevant to geophysics and astrophysics (for example, in understanding plate tectonics and the anomalies of the Earth's gravitational field), to meteorology, to medicine (in the context of blood pressure), and many other fields.
Hydrostatics offers physical explanations for many phenomena of everyday life, such as why atmospheric pressure changes with altitude, why wood and oil float on water, and why the surface of still water is always level
movement of annilediah
The basic features of locomotion in annelids are most easily observed in the earthworm because it lacks appendages and parapodia. Movement involves extending the body, anchoring it to a surface with setae, and contracting body muscles. When the worm begins a forward movement, circular muscles at the anterior end contract, extending the head forward. At the same time the anterior end lifts from the surface to facilitate forward movement. A wavelike contraction originating in the circulatory muscles then passes toward the posterior end. When the wave of contraction nears the mid-region of the body, longitudinal muscles contract, thereby shortening the region. A wave of contraction of longitudinal muscles follows, and the cycle is repeated. The setae of a segment are extended by certain body muscles to prevent backward movement of the segment during the contraction of the longitudinal muscles. The setae are retracted during the circular contraction period. Muscular movement is aided by the compartmentalization of the segment—coelomic fluid, confined by the segment walls, provides a substance against which the muscles can work. The earthworm is capable of reversing the direction of its movement; the waves of contraction pass forward.