Do you think that the revised revenue system helped to prove the condition of India cultivators? Why? Why not?
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East India company came as traders but as time passed and their greed grew they gradually took over political and administrative power in their hands. Being a company they were mainly concerned about profits so they came up with many land revenue systems which changed the whole pattern of indian agriculture. Three main systems which changed indian agriculture were Zamindari system , Ryotwari system and Mahalwari system.
All these system brought following changes :
a) Land became property. Private ownership of land came.
b) Farmers became poor and food insecurity grew. Britishers demanded revenue in cash which made farmers to grow cash crop like indigo, cotton so area under food crop declined. As a result india saw many famines and many people died of starvation.
c) Britishers constructed many canals and more area was brought under cultivation but most of the canals caused salanity and swamps . Productivity declined over years. As tax on canal irrigation was high so mostly it was used to grew cash crop.
d) Indebted farmer- Britishers forced farmers to grew cash crop for which input cost was high. They were not spared even during drought and famines. In such situations they borrowed money from local money lenders which trapped them in debt cycle.
e) British land revenue system transferred ownership of land from farmer to local moneylender.
f) India became village based agriculture economy- deurbanization and deindustrialization crated great pressure on agriculture.
All these policies changed the traditional pattern of Indian agriculture thus creating a ripple effect across rural society and created hatred for the foreign rule which got manifested through various rebellions and revolts of peasants and tribals.
With aim of getting regular income from India and for financing its imports , British introduced land revenue system.
• In Permanent settlement system zamindars were made owner of land with aim of increasing investment on land and collection of land revenue.
• In Ryotwari system , individual cultivator directly paid revenue to the state
• In Mahalwari system , entire village was defined as a unit for revenue collection . A headmen usually collected revenue and submitted to british
Settlement systems led to impoverishment of indian economy and agriculture in following ways:
• Revenue rate was set very high
• Zamindars were free to extract the amount from peasants beyond the requirement of state. Since zamindari right was not fixed, zamindars didn’t took interest in investing on land. This resulted declining productivity of land and hence agricultural production.
• There was no exemption in case of poor harvest or drought conditions.
• Due to high land revenue, peasants could not save enough and often get into the trap of money lenders. Peasants feared that in case of failure to pay the revenue , their land would be confiscated. This led to poor investments in agriculture.
• Large amount of wealth earned from agriculture revenue was drained to Britain. This was a loss to indian economy as these amount were not totally invested on development in India.
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