do you understand by hydrocarbon give the structure and preparation of each hydrocarbon
Answers
Answer:
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A hydrocarbon is any of a class of organic chemicals made up of only the elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). The carbon atoms join together to form the framework of the compound, and the hydrogen atoms attach to them in many different configurations.
Explanation:
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Answer:In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.[1]:620 Hydrocarbons are examples of group 14 hydrides. Hydrocarbons from which one hydrogen atom has been removed are functional groups called hydrocarbyls.[2] Because carbon has 4 electrons in its outermost shell (and because each covalent bond requires a donation of 1 electron, per atom, to the bond) carbon has exactly four bonds to make, and is only stable if all 4 of these bonds are used.
Explanation:preparation of hydrocarbon
From alkenes and alkynes
The alkanes can be produced from alkenes or alkynes through hydrogenation. H2 gas is passed over a metal surface such as Ni, Pt along with the alkenes to produce alkane.
CH2=CH2 → (+Hz/Ni) CH3-CH3
The above reaction is called as “Sabatier-Sender son’s” reaction. Other catalysts which can be used are Pt, Pd-BaSo4, Adams catalyst (Pt2O) or Wilkinson catalyst (R3PRhCl), etc.
From Alkyl Halides
Alkyl halides can be converted to alkanes through various methods. They are as follow is.
1. Using Zn/Protic solvents
2. Using courts reactions
Note: Alkanes with only even number of carbons atoms can be produced.
3. Using Reducing Agents:
R-X → [H]R – H
The reducing agents which can be used are LiAlH4, NaBH4, NaNH2, etc.
Note:
LiAlH4 can’t reduce 3° halides.
NaBH4 can’t reduce 1° halide.
2. From Aldehydes/Ketones:
Clemmensen’s Reduction
Wolf-Kishner reduction
3. From Carboxylic acids through Decarboxylation:
Kolbe’s Electrolysis
Using soda-lime
⇒ Also Read: Pyrolysis of Hydrocarbons
Preparation of Hydrocarbons – Alkenes
General formula: CnH2n
Preparation Methods
Most of the reactions involving the preparation of alkenes involve elimination process. There are 3 mechanisms suggested for the elimination reactions. All these eliminations are β- eliminations.
E2 Mechanism
Second order kinetics.
Single step process.
Order & reactivity 1° > 2° > 3°
Because of steric hindrance
More favoured in non-polar, aprotic solvents.
Less substituted alkenes formed as a major product.
E1 Mechanism
Two step process.
1st order kinetics
Order of reactivity: 3° > 2° > 1°
Because of the stability of carbonation.
More favoured by polar, protic solvents.
Rearrangement possible
Gives more substituted alkene as major products.
Hydration
(i) Acid catalysed
Markovnikov product
Rearrangement is possible.
(ii) Hydroboration-oxidation:
Anti – Markonikov
No rearrangement
(iii) Oxymercuration-Demercuration:
Markonikov
No rearrangement
Oxidation Reactions
Using Baeyer’s reagent
Using hot KMnO4
Ozonolysis
Using O5O4
Addition of peroxy acid
Preparation of Hydrocarbons – Alkynes
Alkynes can be prepared from alkyl halides and alcohols.
Addition reaction:
All addition reactions in alkenes are possible.
Benzene – Preparation
From ethyne
From phenol
From aniline
Chemical Properties:
Benzene generally undergoes electrophilic substitution reactions.
Friedel Crafts alkylation, halogenation and acylation
Nitration
