does Carbonate atom gain or lose electrons to become an ion
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Atoms and chemical species lose or gain electrons when they react in order to gain stability. Thus, typically, metals (with nearly empty outer shells) lose electrons to non-metals, thereby forming positive ions.
The number of electrons depends on their position on the periodic table.
For example, group I metals lose one electron to form +1 ions, group II lose 2 electrons to form +2 ions, etc.
Non-metals gain electrons from metals in order to achieve full outer shells - G VII gain 1 to form 1- ions, G VI gain 2 to form 2- ions, etc.
Thus, metals will typically react with non-metals, exchanging electrons to form ionic compounds.
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