Doppler's effect in sound is assymetric ? Explain...
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To understand the Doppler effect we can use down to earth examples, using pulses of light or sound instead of waves, and a train speeding away from the origin of a coordinate system. We have still air to carry sound pulses, but in the case of light, no detectable medium to ‘carry’ the light pulses. We use pulses of light or sound, spaced one second apart at the source, and let the source be either at the origin of the coordinate system, or on a train moving away from the origin (where the receiver is then located). We calculate the difference in time of the pulses at the destination (which, of course, depends on the velocity of the train, the only velocity we need be concerned about) and since the distance between source and receiver is steadily increasing, the spacing of the pulses will be a constant that is greater than one second. It is the same for sound as for light pulses when the sender is at the origin, but not the same when the source is on the moving train and the receiver stationary at the origin. The Doppler effect for light is symmetric, for sound it is asymmetric. In the case of light we can use Einstein’s second principle. It states that, in the case of an experiment with light, source and receiver can be interchanged without affecting the result.
In the case of waves, instead of pulses, the effect of the increased distance between arriving wave crests implies an apparent increase in wavelength, which in the case of sound, makes for a lower tone – as can be noticed, from the sound made by the tires of a car that passes you on the highway, or a plane that dives towards you and then flies away.
For a receding supernova the Doppler effect produces a shift in the spectral lines of an atom, a red shift, as it is known – how large the shift, tells us something about how fast the supernova is receding, or was receding, from us. If the event originated well over a billion years ago, it represents ancient history, and we are not entitled to infer the present state of the star, or the present development, expansion or contraction, of the universe.
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Here is the answer
To understand the Doppler effect we can use down to earth examples, using pulses of light or sound instead of waves, and a train speeding away from the origin of a coordinate system. We have still air to carry sound pulses, but in the case of light, no detectable medium to ‘carry’ the light pulses. We use pulses of light or sound, spaced one second apart at the source, and let the source be either at the origin of the coordinate system, or on a train moving away from the origin (where the receiver is then located). We calculate the difference in time of the pulses at the destination (which, of course, depends on the velocity of the train, the only velocity we need be concerned about) and since the distance between source and receiver is steadily increasing, the spacing of the pulses will be a constant that is greater than one second. It is the same for sound as for light pulses when the sender is at the origin, but not the same when the source is on the moving train and the receiver stationary at the origin. The Doppler effect for light is symmetric, for sound it is asymmetric. In the case of light we can use Einstein’s second principle. It states that, in the case of an experiment with light, source and receiver can be interchanged without affecting the result.
In the case of waves, instead of pulses, the effect of the increased distance between arriving wave crests implies an apparent increase in wavelength, which in the case of sound, makes for a lower tone – as can be noticed, from the sound made by the tires of a car that passes you on the highway, or a plane that dives towards you and then flies away.
For a receding supernova the Doppler effect produces a shift in the spectral lines of an atom, a red shift, as it is known – how large the shift, tells us something about how fast the supernova is receding, or was receding, from us. If the event originated well over a billion years ago, it represents ancient history, and we are not entitled to infer the present state of the star, or the present development, expansion or contraction, of the universe.
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